TTLA: A comparative study of causative structures with the verb Make in English and Lam in Vietnamese.

1. Full name of PhD student: Do Thi Phuong Thuy 2. Gender: Female
3. Date of birth: February 1, 1985 4. Place of birth: Thai Binh Province
5. Decision on recognition of PhD students: No. 3013/2019/QD - XHNV dated July 30, 2019 of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi.
6. Changes in training (if any): 2 extensions
7. Thesis topic: Comparative study of causative structures with the verb make in English and lam in Vietnamese.
8. Major: Comparative Linguistics 9. Code: 9229020.03
10. Scientific advisor: Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Hong Con
11. Summary of new results of the thesis:
(1) Purpose and research objects of the thesis

(2) Research methods used

(3) Main results and conclusions
3.1. Main results
- Describe
In terms of semantics, the thesis has clearly distinguished the impact events and the result events, the semantic differences between the components in the structure. In particular, the thesis has highlighted the semantic relationship between the components in the causative structure. With syntactic characteristics, the thesis has analyzed the relationship between the 4 variant structures and the typical structure of the causative structure with make and 2 variant structures of the causative structure with lam. The thesis has clearly analyzed the morpho-syntactic characteristics of each component participating in the causative structure. In particular, the thesis goes into depth to analyze the syntactic characteristics of the two predicates above, which are shown in the ability to link these two predicates with the remaining components in the causative structure. With the ability to appear in both simple, compound and complex sentences, it shows that the ability to function in English and Vietnamese sentences of these 2 types of causative structures is quite rich.
- Compare and contrast
In terms of similarities and semantic characteristics, both types of causative structures contain two causes and results that are related to each other in terms of time and space, logic and the elements of the situations. Both types of causative structures above create four types of results in the subject. Causative structures all express causal relationships, are not coercive, can be direct or indirect, [+-active] and [+-intentional]. Similar in syntactic characteristics, both structures have the same basic structure type [N1 V1 N2 V2]. Many similar characteristics in syntactic morphology of the components participating in the structure are also analyzed and clarified in the thesis.
In terms of different characteristics, semantically, the causative structure with make and làm has many differences in the ratio of classifying causative and non-causative, [perceptual] and [intentional] properties, in the nature of the two causative verbs, in the position of the non-causal and the method of emphasizing the non-causal. In addition, the causative structure with make and làm also differs in the ability to hide the cause. In terms of semantic relations, the two semantic features that make the difference between these two causative structures, namely the coercive meaning and the indirectness, have also been analyzed and clarified. The difference lies largely in the syntactic features with the number of variant structures and their relationship with typical structures. It is this difference in syntactic structure that makes the difference in distinguishing direct causation and indirect causation in the two languages. Between the two causative structures, there are still many differences in the morphological characteristics of the Causal, the Causal, the causative verb, the result verb in terms of position, structure... In addition, the syntactic difference between these two causative structures is the ability to link and the relationship between the two types of object complements and result complements has been clarified. With different typological characteristics of languages, English is quite clear in combining and using tense adverbs while Vietnamese is quite complicated.
3.2. Conclusion
The thesis has completed the research objective of describing the semantic and syntactic characteristics of causative structures with the verb make in English and lam in Vietnamese, then comparing them to point out the similarities and differences in the two languages ​​and explaining them from the perspective of syntactic typology.

12. Next research direction: Comparative study of the causative structure with the predicate make in English and lam in Vietnamese on the pragmatic level.
13. Publications related to the thesis:
(1) By Thi Phuong Thuy (2023), “Syntactic features of making causative constructions in Vietnamese”, International Graduate Research Symposium, Vol.1, pp. 357-371, ISBN: 978-604-384-167-1
(2) Do Thi Phuong Thuy (2023), “Semantic Characteristics of Events in Make Causative Constructions”, Journal of Humanitites and Social Sciences, Vol.28 (4), pp. 39-46, e - ISSN: 2279 – 0937, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
(3) Do Thi Phuong Thuy (2024), “Semantic Relationships in MAKE Causative Structures”, Journal of Research & Method in Education, Vol.14 (1), pp. 13-16, e - ISSN: 2320–7388, p- ISSN: 2320-737X
(4) Do Thi Phuong Thuy (2023), “Syntactic characteristics of components in the causative structure with “do” in Vietnamese”, Journal of Language and Life, (6/341), pp. 51-59, ISSN 0868 - 3409.

 

 

(1) Thesis purpose and objectives
- Clarify the semantic and syntactic features of syntactic constructions with make and make in 2 languages
- Demonstrate and explain the similarities and differences of syntactic constructions in languages ​​from the perspective of syntactic typology.
(2) Research methods
- Descriptive method (with methods of distribution analysis, direct element structure analysis, expressive meaning structure) is used to investigate the semantic and syntactic characteristics of constructions with make and lam.
- The contrastive method is used to point out the similarities and differences in syntax and semantics of relevant constructions.
(3) Major results and conclusions
Part 1: Description
In terms of semantics, the thesis has clearly distinguished between causing events and result events, the semantic difference between the components in the constructions. In particular, the thesis has highlighted the meaningful relationship between the components in the two constructions. With syntactic characteristics, the thesis has analyzed the relationship between the typical structures and the 4 variants in causative constructions with make and 2 variant structures of the causative constructions with lam. The thesis has clearly analyzed the morphological and syntactic characteristics of each component. In particular, the thesis delves into the analysis of the syntactic characteristics of the two predicates, which demonstrates the ability of these two predicates to connect with the remaining components in the constructions. With the ability to appear in both simple sentences, compound sentences and complex sentences, it shows that the ability of these two types of causative constructions to operate in English and Vietnamese sentences is quite rich.
Part 2: Comparision and contrast
In terms of similarities in semantic characteristics, both types of causative constructions contain two events that are related to each other in terms of time and space, logic and elements of logic. Events are the components that create the construction. Both types of constructions create four types of results: new action, new state, new process and new posture. Causal constructions represent a cause and effect relationship are not coercive, and can be direct or indirect, [+-dynamic] and [+-intentional], and assume a certain success in the result. In syntactic characteristics, both make and make have the same basic structural type [N1 V1 N2 V2] in which V1 is make or make, V2 is infinitive or adjective. In addition, many similar morphological features of the components participating in the structure were also described and analyzed.
In terms of different characteristics in semantics, the two causative constructions have many differences in the classification rates of causes, caussees, [animate] and [volitional], about the nature of the two causative predicates, the position of the causes and the method of emphasizing the causes. Regarding semantic relationships, the two semantic features that create the difference between these two constructions are specifically coercive meaning and directness which have also been analyzed and clarified. The difference lies largely in the syntactic characteristics with the number of variant structures and their relationship with the typical structure. It is this difference in syntactic structure that creates the difference in distinguishing the direct and indirect causation in the two languages. In the two causative constructions, there are still many differences in the morphological characteristics of components... In addition, the difference in the syntax between these two causative constructions is the possibility of connection and the relationship between the two types of complements has been clarified. With different linguistic typological characteristics, English is quite clear in combining and using temporal adverbs, while Vietnamese is quite complicated.
Conclusion
The thesis has accomplished the research goal of describing the semantic and syntactic characteristics of causative constructions with the 2 causative verbs make in English and lam in Vietnamese, then comparing them to point out the similarities and differences in the two languages ​​and explain them from the perspective of syntactic typology.

(1) By Thi Phuong Thuy (2023), “Syntactic features of making causative constructions in Vietnamese”, International Graduate Research Symposium, Vol.1, pp. 357-371, ISBN: 978-604-384-167-1
(2) Do Thi Phuong Thuy (2023), “Semantic Characteristics of Events in Make Causative Constructions”, Journal of Humanitites and Social Sciences, Vol.28 (4), pp. 39-46, e - ISSN: 2279 – 0937, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
(3) Do Thi Phuong Thuy (2024), “Semantic Relationships in MAKE Causative Structures”, Journal of Research & Method in Education, Vol.14 (1), pp. 13-16, e - ISSN: 2320–7388, p- ISSN: 2320-737X
(4) Do Thi Phuong Thuy (2023), “Syntactic characteristics of components in the causative structure with “do” in Vietnamese”, Journal of Language and Life, (6/341), pp. 51-59, ISSN 0868 - 3409.