TTLA: Perception of the sea and the sea-oriented policy of the Nguyen lords in Dang Trong (16th - 18th century)

Author name: Nguyen Thi Ngoc Thao

Thesis title: Perception of the sea and the sea-oriented policy of the Nguyen lords in Dang Trong (16th - 18th century)

Dissertation field: History

Major: World History Code: 62 22 03 11

Name of the postgraduate training unit: University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

1. Purpose and research objects of the thesis

About the research object:The research object of the thesis is the perception of the sea of ​​Lord Nguyen and the sea-oriented policy of Lord Nguyen in Dang Trong.

About the purpose of the research:The thesis focuses on reconstructing the process of perception of the sea of ​​the Nguyen lords from the 16th century to the end of the 18th century. On the other hand, the author delves into the sea-oriented policy of the Nguyen lords during their reign in all aspects.

2. Research methods used

With the topic:“Perception of the sea and the sea-oriented policy of the Nguyen lords in Dang Trong (16th - 18th century)”The thesis mainly uses the following methods:

The thesis has used theresearch methods of historical scienceto collect, analyze and evaluate historical sources. This is the method mainly used in the thesis, especially the part that studies the process of perception of the sea direction of Lord Nguyen and the sea policy that the Nguyen family implemented during the reign of the Dang Trong kingdom.

Comparative methodis applied to compare and comment on the issue in the regional and global context from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. The comparative method is very meaningful when assessing the differences in the foreign trade policies of the Le - Trinh government of Dang Ngoai with the Nguyen lord government of Dang Trong, the viewpoints and attitudes of the lord's government towards foreign trade and maritime trade; the flexible and adaptable policies of the government at different times are placed in relation to regional and international countries to show a comprehensive view.

Document analysis synthesis method, logical methodis used to collect, compile, research, and process written sources to draw out events and documents necessary for the topic. This method aims to comprehensively outline the process of awareness of the sea in national history in general and the history of awareness of the sea and the sea policy of Dang Trong in particular.

Interdisciplinary approach to history: exploiting sources of materials, inheriting research results from different scientific fields such as cultural studies, religious studies, regional studies, linguistics... This method is used by the author a lot when the author makes comments on the impact of Lord Nguyen's sea-oriented policy on various aspects.

3. Main results and conclusions

3.1. Main results

The thesis contributes to a comprehensive view of the process of perception of the sea in history and the perception of the sea during the Nguyen Lord period in Dang Trong, in which subjective and objective factors directly and indirectly affect that perception and the development process of perception.

The thesis reconstructs the picture of the Nguyen Lord's maritime policy in relation to countries in the region and the world in the 16th - 18th centuries. From there, we can see the important position of Dang Trong in the East Sea trade system.

In the current situation, the sea is an important factor and there are still many uncertainties and tensions surrounding the issue of protecting the sovereignty of the sea and islands. Therefore, the thesis hopes to contribute a lesson from history in policy making in general and foreign policy and sea-oriented policy in particular to firmly maintain national sovereignty but also be flexible and agile in behavior to create the best conditions for developing the marine economy.

The thesis is a systematic reference source for teaching and research on world history and Vietnamese history.

3.2. Conclusion

Dang Trong was a rather difficult land, but when Nguyen Hoang was sent to guard it, he gradually found and awakened the potential here to build the Nguyen Lord's career. Nine generations of Nguyen Lords, with their open, outward-looking and strong maritime vision, successfully carried out the expansion of territory and territorial waters to the South. Based on their awareness of the sea, the Nguyen Lords had a specific system of maritime policies to build friendly diplomatic relations with countries in the region and internationally to create a solid potential in terms of economy - society, politics - military and culture - education. From there, the Nguyen Kingdom was formed as an independent entity, free from the dependence of the Le - Trinh Dynasty in Dang Ngoai. On the land of Dai Viet, two institutions, two economic foundations, two kingdoms with many similarities and differences were formed. Looking back at the socio-economic development of Dang Trong from the 16th to the 18th century in the history of the nation in general and the history of Dang Trong in particular, the sea is an extremely important factor, but for the Nguyen kingdom, the sea also contributed a part to the "survival" factor of the state. Along with the awareness of the sea and the sea-oriented policy of the Nguyen lords of Dang Trong throughout the historical development of Dang Trong, some conclusions can be drawn as follows:

1. Dang Trong is a region of “dangerous terrain”, a remote borderland. Besides the geographical location, narrow terrain, harsh natural conditions, but also contains many rich natural resources. With such unique characteristics of the land, the Nguyen family can develop independently but does not have enough potential to build a powerful nation. To make up for those difficulties, Lord Nguyen with a keen vision thoroughly exploited the inherent potential of the land and attracted new opportunities and fortunes from foreign trade and the sea to the land to develop strongly.

Among those factors, the Dang Trong residents were an internal factor that determined the implementation and level of success of the Nguyen Lord's policies. The Dang Trong residents were dynamic people, including the Champa residents who had a tradition of orienting themselves towards the sea and early commercial thinking; the displaced people, the Mac Dynasty's soldiers - those who longed to find new lands to build their careers and the Japanese, Chinese - regional and international merchants... all of them became great supporters of the Nguyen Lord's policies on foreign trade and maritime trade. In addition, regional trade factors such as Chinese and Japanese merchants and international trade factors such as the Portuguese, Dutch, British, French... present in Dang Trong became the driving force for the Nguyen Lord to further promote diplomatic relations and develop foreign trade, especially maritime trade, with regional and world countries.

2. The perception of the sea by Lord Nguyen Dang in the 16th - 18th centuries was the inheritance of traditions throughout thousands of years of building and defending the country of the nation. From myths, legends to archaeological data from the Stone Age to ancient Vietnamese civilization, it has been a strong proof of the close connection of ancient Vietnamese people with the sea. By the time of the formation of the independent feudal regime from the Ly, Tran, Le So, Mac dynasties, our ancestors had an awareness of the benefits from the sea and the process of reclaiming the sea to meet the material and spiritual needs of people. With the events of national history, Nguyen Hoang was pushed to guard the remote Thuan Hoa region and he was the one who established the foundation of the Nguyen Lord's career in Dang Trong. The Nguyen family built an independent regime and kingdom with a separate economic base that was very different from Dang Ngoai. Lord Nguyen strongly turned outward and developed maritime trade, giving a new direction to the new land based on maritime economy and foreign trade as the driving force for national development. Lord Nguyen expanded and conquered coastal and island areas to create an environment for the development of a new economy.

Many subjective and objective reasons led to such open awareness of the sea of ​​Lord Nguyen. First of all, it came from the internal need to survive in the harsh natural conditions of Dang Trong. Besides, external factors such as regional merchants and Westerners became new factors that promoted the Lord's outward and sea-oriented thoughts to become stronger. More importantly, in the context of the rather tense political situation of Dang Trong - Dang Ngoai, with constant wars, the "new land" of the Nguyen family wanted to affirm its independence and development in the region and internationally, and commerce and maritime trade were a lifeline. Therefore, Dang Trong quickly entered the Asian trade system with independence and self-reliance for a long period from the 16th to 18th centuries.

3. Based on the perception of the sea, Lord Nguyen had a sea-oriented policy implemented in many aspects and many different fields. First of all, the Lord had a policy of control and administrative management of the government over the reclaimed sea areas to establish state management here. From there, we can see the benefits from the sea to implement the policy of exploiting marine resources from creating favorable conditions for fishing activities of coastal residents and coastal islands and the central government has organized sea exploitation. The economic benefits of the sea are undeniable, but more importantly, through that, we establish, enforce and protect sea sovereignty. With that meaning, the royal navy, Hoang Sa team, Bac Hai team and other teams were established and operated regularly and organized in the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos and the southern sea.

A strong factor that helped strengthen the economy of Dang Trong was the policy of encouraging trade and maritime relations. Lord Nguyen created a favorable environment and attracted regional and world merchants to Dang Trong through tax policies, accommodation policies and focused on building citadels, capitals and seaports along rivers, coasts and trade routes during the Nguyen Dynasty. Not only that, Lord Nguyen also had specific trade and diplomatic policies for each subject, each regional country and for Westerners when they came, so merchants often came here with great commercial aspirations. The open, friendly and hospitable policies of the Lord made them more attached to Dang Trong. A potential economic environment and favorable policies of the Nguyen dynasty gradually changed the appearance of Dang Trong into a developed land with the development of commercial centers and international seaports and commodity centers, contributing to bringing Dang Trong into the early commercial era of the Southeast Asian region.

4. If Dang Ngoai had a strict and somewhat limited view of maritime trade activities, Dang Trong had an open view, more strongly oriented towards the sea and maritime trade activities. With that policy, it had a significant impact on Dang Trong in many different aspects: from politics - diplomacy, economy - society to military, culture and religion. In terms of politics - diplomacy, Lord Nguyen always agreed with the open, friendly, outward-looking and strong maritime diplomatic viewpoint. From there, it brought Dang Trong a developed domestic and foreign trade economy, the economic structure shifted from an economy based on a self-sufficient agricultural economy to a large economy with the role of handicrafts, commerce and maritime trade emerging. The changing impact in the economy promoted Dang Trong society to improve the material and spiritual life of its residents. Especially in the centers, urban lifestyle is gradually forming with the consumption of luxury products along with more investment in spiritual needs.

In terms of military, it was strongly influenced by the Lord's policy, especially in the context of the constant war between Dang Trong and Dang Ngoai. With the expansion of foreign trade, especially maritime trade with Westerners, Lord Nguyen was able to build the most powerful army, increasingly affirming its independent position in the region and internationally. Dang Trong officially became a completely independent regime and had a solid political position. In terms of culture and religion, the 17th-18th centuries with a strong maritime policy helped Dang Trong welcome new opportunities to interact with great civilizations. The introduction of the Latin alphabet and Christianity was the result of that cultural contact process. Along with that, the new natural science and technology elements that Dang Trong learned contributed greatly to the shift in the economic structure of Dang Trong, helping it escape fragmentation and gradually accept new, advanced and modern production methods.

  SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS

The author's name: Nguyen Thi Ngoc Thao

Thesis title: Awareness of the sea and the sea-oriented policy of Nguyen lords in Dang Trong from the 16th^thcentury to the 18^thcentury

Scientific branch of the thesis: History

Major: World history Code: 62 22 03 11

The name of postgraduate training institution: University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University

1. Thesis purpose and objectives

About the object of research:The research object of the thesis is the awareness of the Nguyen lord's sea and the sea-oriented policy of Nguyen lord in Dang Trong.

Regarding research purposes:The thesis focuses on restoring the sea awareness process of Nguyen lords from the 16th century to the end of the 18th century. On the other hand, the author studied in depth the policy of sea navigation of the Nguyen Lords during the reigning period.

2. Research methods

With the topic: " Awareness of the sea and the sea-oriented policy of Nguyen lords in Dang Trong from the 16^thcentury to the 18^thcentury" the thesis mainly uses the following methods:

The thesis has used research methods of historical science to gather, analyze and evaluate data sources. This is the main method used in the thesis, which is part of the study of the perception of the seaward direction of Nguyen lords and the maritime policy that Nguyen performed during the reign of the Cochin China.

The comparative method is used to compare and comment on issues in the region and the world according to the contemporary and modern outlook. The comparative method has great significance when judging about the different points in the foreign trade policy of Le - Trinh Dang government with the authority of Nguyen Dang Trong, the views and attitude of the Lord government. with foreign trade and trade; flexible and flexible government policies at different times are placed in relationships with countries in the region and internationally showing a comprehensive view.

Synthesis method of analyzing documents and logical methods is used to collect, collect, research and handle written sources to draw the necessary facts and documents for the topic. This method aims to re-sketch a comprehensive sea awareness process in the history of the nation in general and the history of sea awareness and Dang Trong's maritime policy in particular.

Interdisciplinary approach to history: exploiting sources of materials, inheriting research results in different scientific disciplines such as culture, religion, study area, linguistics ... This method is operative The author used a lot when the author made judgments about the impact of the sea-oriented policy of Lord Nguyen on various aspects.

3. Major results and conclusions

3.1. The major results

The thesis contributes to a comprehensive view of the sea awareness process in history and sea awareness of the Nguyen lords in Dang Trong in which subjective factors and objective factors directly impact and indirectly to that consciousness to the process of cognitive development.

The thesis reconstructs the picture of marine policy of Nguyen lords in relation to regional countries and the world in the sixteenth century –VIII. Since then see the important position of Dang Trong in the East Sea trading system.

For the current situation, the sea is an important factor and there are still many uncertainties around the island's sovereignty protection. Therefore, the thesis wishes to contribute a lesson from history in policy making in general and the policy of extrovert and the sea-oriented policy in particular to firmly hold the national sovereignty but also flexible and flexible. behavior in behavior creates the best for marine economic development.

The thesis is a systematic reference source for teaching and researching about the history of the world and the history of Vietnam.

3.2.Conclusions

Dang Trong from a land is quite difficult but when Nguyen Hoang was sent to the township, he gradually found and started up the potentials here to build a career of Nguyen lord. Nine generations of Nguyen lords together with an open, extrovert and strong ocean view have successfully carried out South Vietnam's expansion of territory and territorial waters to the South. Stemming from the awareness of the sea, Nguyen lords have a system of specific sea-oriented policies to build national and international friendly relations in the region and to create a strong economic-social potential. Assembly, politics - military and culture - education. Since then the formation of the Nguyen kingdom was an independent entity that escaped the dependence of the Le-Trinh court in Dang Ngoai. On the land of Dai Viet, two institutions, two economic foundations and two kingdoms were formed with many similarities and differences. Looking back on the road to socio-economic development of Dang Trong from the sixteenth century to the eighteenth century in the history of the nation in general and the history of Dang Trong, in particular, the sea is an extremely important but separate element to their kingdom. Nguyen and the sea also play a part in the "vital" factor of the state. Along with the awareness of the sea and the policy of the sea of ​​Nguyen Dang Trong during the process of developing Dang Trong history, some conclusions can be drawn as follows:

1. Dang Trong is an area of ​​"rugged terrain", a far-flung land. Besides the geographical conditions, narrow terrain, harsh natural conditions, but also rich in natural resources. With such characteristics of the land, it is possible for the Nguyen family to develop independently but not enough resources to build a powerful nation. To complement these difficulties, Nguyen lord with a clear eye has fully exploited the inherent potential of the land and enticed new opportunities and opportunities from foreign trade and sea to thrive. strong. strong.

Among these factors, the residents of Dang Trong are an intrinsic factor that decides the implementation and the degree of success in Nguyen's policies. The inhabitants of Dang Trong are active people including the Cham people group, who have a tradition of early sea navigation and business thinking; Scouts and soldiers of the Mac dynasty - who aspire to find new lands to build careers and Japanese and Chinese - traders at regional and international levels ... they all have become supportive forces. great for Nguyen's policies on foreign trade and trade. In addition, regional trade factors such as Chinese and Japanese merchants and international trade factors such as the Portuguese, Dutch, English, French ... present in Dang Trong became motive for gods. Nguyen further promotes diplomatic relations and develops foreign trade, especially trade with regional countries and the world.

2. Awareness of the sea of ​​Lord Nguyen Dang in the sixteenth - eighteenth century is the inheritance of traditions throughout the thousands of years of building and maintaining the nation's nation. From myths, legends to archaeological data from the Stone Age to the ancient Vietnamese civilization, it has demonstrated strongly about the close attachment of ancient Vietnamese residents to the sea. By the time of the feudal independence regime from the Ly, Tran, Le So and Mac Ong times, our father had an awareness of the resources from the sea and the process of seizing the sea to meet the needs of material and fine living. god of man. With the events of national history pushed Nguyen Hoang to confine the remote Thuan Hoa region and he was the founder of the Nguyen foundation in Dang Trong. The Nguyen family built up a regime, an independent kingdom with a separate economic base that was different from Dang Ngoai. The Nguyen lord extends outward and develops maritime trade, giving a new direction for the new land based on the marine economy and foreign trade as a driving force for national development. The Nguyen Lord expanded and seized coastal areas and islands to create a new economic development environment.

Many subjective causes and objective causes lead to such open sea awareness of Nguyen lord. First of all it comes from the need for internal survival in harsh natural conditions in Dang Trong. In addition, external factors such as regional traders and Westerners have become a new factor that has strengthened the divine ideology and seaward direction. More important in the political context of Dang Trong - Dang Ngoai is quite stressful, constant war, Nguyen's "new land" wants to assert its own independence and development in the region and the world. business, sea trade as a lifeline. Therefore, Dang Trong quickly entered the Asian trading system with independence and self-reliance for a long time from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.

3. Stemming from the awareness of Lord Nguyen's sea, there is a policy of sea-oriented implementation in many aspects and many different fields. First of all, the lord has a policy of controlling and administering the administration of the claimed sea areas to establish state management here. Since then, seeing the marine resources to implement the policy of exploiting marine resources from creating favorable conditions for fishery activities of coastal residents and coastal islands and the central government with the marine exploitation. Marine economic benefits are undeniable but more important, thereby establishing, enforcing and protecting maritime sovereignty. In that sense, the imperial Navy, Hoang Sa, Bac Hai and other teams were set up and operated on a regular and organized basis on the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos and the southern waters.

A powerful factor that strengthens Dang Trong's economy is the policy of encouraging trade and shipping state. The Nguyen Lord created a favorable environment and attracted regional and world merchants to Dang Trong with tax policies and accommodation policies and focused on building estates, capitals and ports along the river and along the coast and trade routes of Nguyen Dynasty trade. Not only that, Lord Nguyen also has a special trade and state policy for each subject, with each regional country and with Westerners, so often traders come here with great trade aspirations. The open, friendly and hospitable policies of the lord made them more attached to Dang Trong. A potential economic environment and favorable policy of the Nguyen family has gradually changed the look of Dang Trong to become a developed land with the expansion of commercial centers and ports and centers. international goods, contributing to Dang Trong's entry into the early trade era of Southeast Asia.

4. If Dang Ngoai has a strict and somewhat restrictive view on trade activities on the sea, Dang Trong has an open-minded, stronger direction towards the sea and sea trading activities. With that policy, there is a significant impact on Dang Trong in many different aspects: from politics - state, economy - society to military, culture and religion. In terms of politics - state affairs, Nguyen lord is always united with strong open, friendly, extrovert and oceanic diplomatic views. Thereby bringing Dang In a domestic and foreign trade economy to develop, economic structure shifted from an economy based on agricultural economy based on self-sufficiency to a large economy. emerging the role of handicraft, commerce and trade. The impact of transforming itself in the economy motivates Dang Trong society to improve in the material and spiritual life of its inhabitants. Especially in the centers gradually forming a city lifestyle with the consumption of luxury products along with more investment in spiritual needs.

On the military side, it is strongly influenced by the Lord's policy especially in the context of Dang Trong - Dang Ngoai constant war. With the expansion of foreign trade, especially trade with Westerners, Nguyen helped build a most powerful army, increasingly asserting its regional and international independence. Dang Trong officially became a completely independent institution and had a strong political position. Culture - religion, XVII-XVIII century with a strong sea-oriented policy helped Dang Trong receive a new opportunity to interact with great civilization. Imported Latin and Christian scripts are the result of that cultural contact. Along with that are the elements of natural science and new science that Dang Trong learned has greatly contributed to the economic restructuring of Dang in escaping the fragmentation, gradually receiving with the method. New progressive and modern production.