TTLA: The Four Books and Five Classics in the reformed education program for the Chinese language examination system 1906-1919

Author's name:Le Van Cuong

Thesis title:The Four Books and Five Classics in the reformed education program for the Chinese language examination system from 1906 to 1919

The field of study for this dissertation is Sino-Vietnamese studies.

Specialized:Han NomCode:62.22.01.04

Name of the postgraduate training institution:University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

1. Purpose and scope of the thesis

ButResearch objectives: StudyThe Four Books, The Five ClassicsThis study aims to determine the subject-based and hierarchical structure of the reformed education and examination system in Chinese characters from 1906 to 1919. The thesis seeks to identify the learning and examination methods within this reformed education and examination system.The Four Books, The Five ClassicsIt belongs to the Chinese language (Chinese characters) sub-discipline in the curriculum, withThe Four BooksThey are assigned to teach at the primary school level andThe Five ClassicsIt is arranged for teaching at the secondary school level; therefore, the thesis demonstrates the method of compiling textbooks for different educational levels.

ButResearch subjectsThe research subject is based on two texts compiled during the period of educational reform and the examination system using Chinese characters:

1. 小學四書節略Summary of the Four Books of Elementary SchoolEdited by Đoàn Triển (段展). Proofread by Đỗ Văn Tâm (杜文心). Handwritten in Chinese characters, 168 pages in total, catalog number: A2607.

2. 中學五經撮要Summary of the Five Classics for High SchoolCurrently stored at the Institute of Han Nom Studies, with catalog number A.2608/2. The book was compiled by Duong Lam (1851 - 1920) and Nguyen Trung Khuyen. Reviewed by Do Van Tam.

2. Research methods used

- Research methods in Sino-Vietnamese textual studies

- Research methods in Sino-Vietnamese literature

- Quantitative statistical analysis methods

- Structural, comparative, and contrasting methods

- Interdisciplinary research method

3. Main results and conclusions

3.1. Main results

- An overview of the history of research on issues related to educational reform and the examination system, and research on...The Four Books, The Five ClassicsThe reformed education and examination system was viewed from many different perspectives.

- This dissertation contributes to clarifying the fundamental nature and characteristics of the reformed education system based on the imperial examination system, namely the subject-based and hierarchical structure of the curriculum, in which learning and examination are the two fundamental components.

- The dissertation contributes to clarifying the sub-discipline and hierarchical nature of the curriculum, in which the sub-discipline is manifested in the areas of aphorisms and literary ethics.

- This dissertation contributes to clarifying the role, nature, and tasks of the "textbook"The Four Books, The Five Classicsin the overall curriculum of the reformed examination system. With a revised and concise approach, it makesThe Four Books, The Five ClassicsMeeting the requirements and regulations set forth by the program.

3.2. Conclusion

1. The reformed examination system (1906-1919) was a transitional program from the traditional examination system that had been in place in Vietnam for over 800 years to a new phase: modern general education. The reformed examination system can be considered a crucial turning point in the history of Vietnamese education. This reformed examination system, alongside the French-Vietnamese school system, served as an important stepping stone, laying the foundation for modern general education.

2. With the demands and tasks set forth by the reformed education and examination system, changes in teaching methods were necessary to suit the program. In this system, the teaching of Chinese characters remained a crucial part of the overall curriculum, specifically defined by three fundamental teaching methods: the teaching of Chinese characters, the teaching of the Southern dialect, and the teaching of French. In this program, teaching methods were implemented according to a system of sub-disciplines and levels. The sub-discipline was particularly important for...The Four Books, The Five ClassicsIt falls under the categories of ethics and literature, and the hierarchical structure is at the primary and secondary school levels. Therefore, the defining characteristic of the reformed examination-based education program is its subject-based and hierarchical structure.

3. Changes in the learning methods led to changes in the examination methods of the entire program. However, regarding the examination methods, due to the scope of this dissertation, we will only briefly outline the key points in this area. In the reformed examination system, the examination methods included the graduation exams for preschool and primary school; the secondary school graduation exam; the provincial exam; and the national exam. However, a noteworthy point is that the provincial and national exams no longer tested classical texts and poetry, but only essays and argumentative writing, thus reducing the emphasis on the fundamental principles of the subject.The Four BooksandThe Five Classics.

4. The reformed education system based on the imperial examination system is fundamentally characterized by subject-based and graded systems defined by the curriculum. Therefore, this leads to the following consequences...The Four BooksIt is oriented towards the sub-discipline of Moral Aphorisms;The Five ClassicsIt is divided into subjects such as ethics and literature.The Four Books"Moral maxims" (Wise sayings about morality) are defined within the context of moral relationships (the three cardinal principles, the five constant virtues, and the five relationships). Based on these sub-discipline guidelines, textbooks have been newly compiled to suit the current situation. This new compilation method has been implemented using a concise approach.FourthUhat the primary school level. Thus, the textbook "Elementary School Summary of the Four Books"Compiled by Đoàn Triển and reviewed by Đỗ Văn Tâm, it was compiled shortly thereafter. This compilation method was implemented in two aspects: generalization and lexical compilation, in which withUniversityandModerationIt is simplified, while it is specific to...AnalectsandMenciusIt is defined by its boundaries.

5.The Five ClassicsFor secondary school level, the reformed examination system curriculum was compiled using a concise and general approach. The subjects focused on ethics and literature; and were taught at the secondary school level.Summary of the Five Classics for High School"The two aspects mentioned above heavily emphasize pedagogical principles. The compilation of Chinese language textbooks, or in other words, the method of restructuring them into books using a concise and general approach within the reformed Chinese language education and examination system of 1906-1919, shows that the textbook compilers focused on pedagogical principles, aiming to serve the learning and examination methods throughout the entire program."

6. The dissertation's scope of research is...The Four Books, The Five Classicsin the reformed education and examination system. The scope of the materials is also framed within the materials compiled during this period, in whichThe Four Books, The Five ClassicsThis period is the focus of research in this dissertation. Also related to the scope of research, regarding the pedagogical aspects of this program, the dissertation explores many fundamental points, but specifically concerning examination methods, due to the limitations of this dissertation, we have only initially outlined a few basic points and some other issues that have not been addressed. Therefore, this also opens up avenues for further research in the future.

Exciting Doctor Distribution

Author's name:Le Van Cuong

Name of the thesis:Tu Thu, Ngu Kinh in the program of reforming education of Han from 1906 to 1919

The science of the thesis:Han Nom

Major:Han NomCode:62.22.01.04

Name of graduate training institution:University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi National University

1. Objectives and objects of the thesis

Purpose of the study: Study of Tu Thu, Ngu Kinh in the program of reforming education of Han from 1906 to 1919. This study aims to determine the subjectivity and decentralization through the study and practice of the program of reforming education. The thesis aims at identifying Tu thu, Ngu Kinh belonging to of Han writing (Han) in the program, of those Tu thu is arranged to be taught at the elementary school level and Ngu Kinh is arranged at secondary school level; Thus, the thesis proves the method of textbook for all levels.

- Objects of study: The research's object is based on two documents compiled during the reforming period of education curriculum.

1. 小學 四 書 節 略Elementary school level Clan, 段 Doan Trien compiled. Edited by Van Tam 杜文心. Han handwriting totals 168 pages, denoted A2607.

2. 中學 五 經 撮要. Secondary Ngu Kinh compendium currently stored at the Institute of Han Nom studies, denoted A.2608 / 2. Book by Duong Lam (1851 - 1920) and Nguyen Trung Khuyen compiled. Edited by Van Tam.

2. The research methods

- Han Nom script writing method

- Han Nom language method

- Quantitative statistical analysis method

- Methods of structure and comparison method

- Interdisciplinary method

3. Main results and conclusions

3.1. Main results

- An overview of research issues related to the reforming education program and the study of Tu thu, Ngu Kinh in the reforming education program of at various aspects.

- The thesis contributes to clarify the nature and characteristics of the curriculum reforming program. It is the division and decentralization of the program, in which the study and the test are the two main contents.

- The thesis contributes to the characterization and decentralization of the program, in which dichotomy is expressed in terms of morality and literary ethics.

- The thesis contributes to clarify the role, nature and tasks of the text book set of Tu thu, Ngu Kinh in the whole program of the reforming program. With compilation in the way of summary and compendium Tu thu, Ngu Kinh meets the requirements of the program.

3.2. Conclude

1. The reforming education program (1906 - 1919) is a transitional program from the Faculty of judgment which has taken place in Vietnam over 800 years to a new period of modern access education. The reformin of education can be considered as an important turning stage in the history of education in Vietnam. The reforming education program in parallel with the system of French-Vietnamese schools is an important step, laying the foundations for modern access education later.

2. With the requirements and tasks set out in the requirements of the reforming education program, it is necessary to make changes to the curriculum in accordance with the curriculum, in which the education of Han study is still considered to be an integral part of the overall program, which is substantiated by three basic kinds of rules, namely, Han teachings, Nom teachings and the French teachings. In this program, teaching methodology is implemented according to the classification system. The quintessence of Tu thu, Ngu Kinh is classified as moral, literary and decentralization at the elementary and secondary levels. Therefore, the characteristics of the reform is the curriculum division and decentralization of the program.

3. The changes in learning lead to changes in the testing of the entire program. However, in the context of examinations, due to the framework of the thesis we focus on the main points. In the reforming education program, for examinations in which the graduation exam graduated elementary level, secondary level; Huong examinations and Hoi examinations. The remarkable point at the Huong and the Hoi contests there is no literary and poetry contest, but only the text and the essay, thus reducing the geopolitical nature of the Tu thu, Ngu Kinh.

4. The reforming education program is characterized by the division and decentralization of the program. Thus, Tu thu is directed to aphorism. Ngu Kinh is composed according to moral, literary. Tu thu namely "Moral Proverbs" are defined in the relation of moral obligations (the triathlon, the five constant virtues, the five moral obligations). From such pedagogical orientations, textbooks are also compiled to be suitable the actual situation. The new compilation method was implemented in Tu thu for elementary. Thus, the textbook "Elementary school level Clan" by Doan Trien compiled and Do Van Tam edited thereafter. The method of compilation is implemented in two aspects: the general and the lexical, in which Dai Hoc and Trung Trung were had been simplified, while Luan ngu and Manh Tu had been compiled.

5. Ngu Kinh for the reforming education program was compiled in a simple and comprehensive manner. Classification in the direction of literary ethics; taught at the secondary school level "Secondary Ngu Kinh compendium". These two aspects focused in terms of theology. Compilation of Han textbooks or in other words the method of refactoring the letter in the form of compendium in the program of reforming Han education from 1906 to 1919. The studies show that textbooks compilers focussed on teaching methods, which serves as a basis for learning and testing throughout the program.

6. The thesis on the scope of research is the study of Tu Thu, Ngu Kinh in the program of reforming education. Reference materials located on which compiled during this period, in which Tu thu, Ngu Kinh at this stage are focused on research. Also related to the scope of research, in terms of teaching methodology in this program, the basic thesis is exploited in many aspects, but with the test of the framework of the thesis, we initially identify some basic points whereas some other issues will not be addressed. Therefore, this is also the direction for us to continue to study later.