TTLA: Comparing the methods of expressing interpersonal meaning in English-Vietnamese drug instructions (according to the theory of systemic functional linguistics).

Author name: Nguyen Thi Kim Luyen

Thesis title:Comparing the methods of expressing interpersonal meaning in English-Vietnamese drug instructions (according to the theory of systemic functional linguistics).

Dissertation field: Linguistics

Major: Comparative Linguistics Code: 62 22 01 10

Name of the postgraduate training unit: University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

1. Purpose and research objects of the thesis

1.1. Research purpose

The purpose of the research is to clarify the method of expressing interpersonal meaning in English drug user manuals through typical grammatical-lexical means including:awakeandmoodand compare with Vietnamese in the same genre of text to find similarities and differences between the two languages.

1. 2. Research subjects

The research object of the thesis is linguistic means.awakeandmoodExpressing interpersonal meaning in compatible and incompatible ways in drug user manuals in English and Vietnamese.

2. Research methods used

The thesis chooses to approach the topic according to Halliday's systemic functional linguistic perspective to analyze the methods of expressing interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese drug instruction manuals through two linguistic means.awakeandmoodThe thesis uses the following main research methods and techniques: Text analysis method, Linguistic description method,

internal explanatory techniques, external explanatory techniques (quantitative and qualitative statistics, quantitative comparative analysis),Methodcompare - contrast. The above methods and techniques are used in coordination and mutual support during the implementation of the topic to proceed in the most scientific and effective way.

3. Main results and conclusions

3.1. Main results

- The two methods of expressing interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese drug user manuals are compatible and incompatible. In which, the method of expressing interpersonal meaning in this type of text is more dominant than the compatible method.

+ From the planeawake: Both groups of drug use manual texts do not fully utilize all the linguistic means to realize compatible and incompatible speech functions. This shows that the interpersonal meaning in the drug use manual text genre in the two languages ​​is not fully expressed in all linguistic means, which partly makes this text genre not really reach the level of interaction and closeness with the reader.

+ From the modal aspect: We have also observed how modality is realized in a compatible and incompatible way in English and Vietnamese drug use manual discourse through the use of modal means in this type of text.

- English group drug user manuals use a variety of media.awakeandmoodin terms of quantity, type and method of realization in creating interpersonal relationships with readers compared to the Vietnamese language group. This shows the difference between the two languages ​​in terms of persuasion, the connection between text and reader and the interaction between two participants in this type of text.

3.2. Conclusion

A comparative study of the methods of expressing interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese drug use instructions has allowed us to visualize the picture of medical language for the community from the interpersonal level in the two languages.

We have systematically investigated the modes of expressing interpersonal meaning in drug instruction manuals with the desire to test medical language for a new theoretical direction, which is the theory of systemic functional linguistics. Two modes of expressing interpersonal meaning in drug instruction manuals have been identified. The following are some notable research results on the two modes and modalities of realizing interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese drug instruction manuals.

Compatible expression method

- From the level of mood, in English, there are 3 types of declarative, imperative and interrogative sentences that are all chosen to be used, while when compared with Vietnamese, there are only two types of declarative and imperative sentences. Of which, the declarative sentence is the most dominant, followed by the frequency of appearance of the imperative sentence in both groups of documents. A very small percentage of the interrogative sentence is used in the English group of documents. The interrogative sentence is not used in Vietnamese drug user manuals.

The mode of expression of interpersonal semantic compatibility in English drug user manuals is observed from: (i) declarative style with typical formSubject + definite operatorfunctional compatibility realizationcomment; (ii) the imperative form realizes functional compatibilityrequest. The two imperative forms found in the English corpus are onlydeterministic agent, and onlyverb to do Predicate; and (iii) interrogative form with typical form+Wh-^+Deterministic agent^+Subject(interrogative sentence with question word) and+Deterministic Agent^+Subject(polarized interrogative sentence) in realizing the questioning function.

Comparing with Vietnamese in the same text genre, only two types of declarative and imperative moods are found. Therefore, the method of expressing interpersonal meaning compatibility through the means of mood can only be observed from these two types, including: (i) declarative style with typical patternSubject + Predicatetypical realization of the declarative function; and (ii) the imperative mode with typical form-Subject + predicaterealize the required functional compatibility.

- From the modal aspect, the method of expressing interpersonal meaning compatibility in the English drug user manual text is observed from the following modal means: (i) modal operator means expressing subjective hidden speech to realize modal meaning compatibility, and (ii) modal adverbial means expressing objective hidden speech to realize modal meaning compatibility. With (i), we found 13 modal operators classified as high, medium and low values, including: Modal operators with high value:must, need, have to, mustn't, can't; Modal operators have average value:is to, should, will, shouldn't; Low value modal operators:may, might, can, could.These modal operators are all of the types of probabilistic modalization, duty modalization and dispositional modalization. With (ii) we found the following 11 modal adverbs classified as high, medium and low values ​​found in the English corpus: High value modal adverbs:always, never, sure, required, determined; Modal adverbs have average value:usually, probably;Low value modal adverbs:possible, hardly, sometimes, rarely.These modal adverbial devices all belong to the types of probability modalization, habitual modalization, duty modalization and a very small number belong to tendency modalization.

Comparing with Vietnamese, the method of expressing interpersonal meaning compatibility in Vietnamese drug use manuals is also observed from two modal means: (i) the modal operator means expressing subjective hidden language to realize modal meaning compatibility, and (ii) the modal adverbial means expressing objective hidden language to realize modal meaning compatibility. With (i), we found the appearance of 6 modal operators with three values ​​as follows: High-value modal operators:must, must not; Mean value modal operator:should, should not; andLow value modal operators:maybe.These modal operators are all types of probability modalization, duty modalization and disposition modalization. With (ii), we found 4 modal adverbs with three values ​​appearing in Vietnamese drug user manuals, including: High-value modal adverbs:Always, never; low value modal adverbs:occasionally, rarelyNo moderate value modal adverbs were found in the Vietnamese drug use guide group. These modal adverbs belong to the type of probabilistic modalization and regular modalization. We did not find any modal adverbs of the inflectional type in the corpus.

Incompatible expression methods

- From the level of modality, the incompatible mode of expression of interpersonal meaning in English drug use manuals is observed from the way of using linguistic means which are types of modes that realize atypical speech functions including: declarative mode realizing the request function, declarative mode and imperative mode realizing the invitation function, declarative mode realizing the functionask. Compared with Vietnamese, the incompatible expression method of interpersonal meaning in Vietnamese drug user manuals from the level of consciousness is observed through the incompatible functional realization declarative mode.request, the declarative and the imperative are functionally incompatible.invite.

- From the modal aspect, the method of expressing interpersonal incompatibility can only be found in English drug user manuals. No modal means of realizing modal incompatibility can be found in the Vietnamese language group. This method is implemented through the type of projection sentence expressing objective explicit language realizing modal incompatibility. 170 projection sentences with high, medium, and low values ​​appear in the English language group as follows: Projection sentence with high valueIt's certain that…; Mean Value ProjectionIt's important that…, It's recommended that…,Your doctor may recommend you that ..., The truth is that..., There is a risk that; and low value projectionIt's possible that...These projections all belong to the types of probabilistic modalization, habitual modalization, duty modalization and dispositional modalization.

In general, the statistics of the thesis show that the interaction of the drug use manual text genre in the two languages ​​is revealed through both compatible and incompatible modes of expression. However, in the two modes of expressing interpersonal meaning in the drug use manual text genre in English and Vietnamese through the means of 'mode' and 'modality', the compatible mode of expressing interpersonal meaning in this text genre is more dominant than the incompatible mode of expression in both groups of documents. This is shown through the general trend of choosing to use the compatible mode of realizing interpersonal meaning through the means ofawakeandmoodmuch higher than the incongruent realization type in both English and Vietnamese corpus groups.

Interpersonal congruence in the text indicates a close and intimate relationship between the writer and the reader of the text (Haliday and Matthiesen, 2013), and that the writer has created a feeling for the reader as if the text was written for them personally, as if they were very close and there was an equal relationship between them (Eggins, 2004). The writer of the drug user manual needs to shorten the social distance with the reader to be able to create a sense of closeness and intimacy so that the reader is ready to receive what is mentioned in the text to enhance the effectiveness of the text, but their position and authority in the text as medical professionals must still be maintained through the use of incongruent interpersonal congruence. The explanation for the use of interpersonal semantic compatibility with the frequency and superior rate of this text genre is probably due to the characteristics of the text genre which is to equip the communication with knowledge related to drugs, provide essential information about drugs and how to use drugs, persuade, influence the reader's decision, orient and call on the reader to accept and make a decision to act accordingly.

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS

The author's name: Nguyen Thi Kim Luyen

Thesis title:A contrast of modes expressing interpersonal meaning in English-Vietnamese patient information leaflets (applying the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics)

Scientific branch of the thesis: Linguistics

Major: Comparative-contrastive Linguistics Code: 62 22 01 10

The name of postgraduate training institution: University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University (VNU-USSH)

1. Thesis purpose and objectives

1.1. Thesis purpose

The purpose of the research is to clarify the modes expressing the interpersonal meaning in English patient information leaflets through means of typical lexico-grammar including mood and modality and contrast with Vietnamese in the same language genre to find the similarities and differences between the two languages.

1.2. Thesis objectives:The object of the thesis is the linguistic means of mood and modality expressing interpersonal meanings in congruent (typical) and incongruent (untypical) modes in English – Vietnamese patient information leaflets.

2. Research methods

The study is designed as a Mixed Method Research Design. The quantitative data reveals different frequencies of mood and modality choice used in PILs while the closer qualitative analysis of discourse data shows how the mood and modality choices are used by English and Vietnamese writers to achieve the goals.

3. Major results and conclusions

3.1.The major results

- Two modes of expression of interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese PILs are congruence (typical) and incongruence (untypical) modes. In particular, the congruence mode of expressing interpersonal meaning in this text genre prevails rather than the mode of incongruence.

+ In terms of mood choices: Neither of the two groups of PILs uses all of the congruence and incongruence language realization tools of speech functions. This indicates that the interpersonal meaning in this text genre in the two languages ​​​​is not fully expressed in all language means, partly making this genre of text not really reach the level of close, friendly and interactive to its readers.

+ In terms of modality choices: We have also observed the congruence and incongruence ways to realize the interpersonal meaning English and Vietnamese PILs through the use of modality in this text genre.

Data in the group of English PILs use quite a variety of modality and mood types in terms of the quantity, types and modes of realization in creating interpersonal relationships with readers compared to Vietnamese PILs group. This represents the differences between the two languages ​​in terms of persuasion, the coherence between text and readers and the interaction between the two objects in this text genre.

3.2.Conclusions

A linking contrast of the expression modes of interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese PILs allows us to partly visualize the medical language picture for the community from the interpersonal view in the two languages.

We have scientifically investigated the expression modes of interpersonal meaning in PILs with the desire to test medical language under a new theoretical direction, which is the theory of systemic functional linguistics. Two expression modes of interpersonal meaning in PILs have been identified. The followings are some remarkable research results on two language means of mood and modality realizing the interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese PILs.

Congruent expression mode

- From the perspective of mood types, in English, there are 3 mood types chosen including declarative mood, imperative mood and interrogative mood, whereas relating to Vietnamese, only two types of declarative and imperative mood appear. In particular, the declarative mood type is the most dominant type, followed by the frequency of the imperative mood type in both language groups. A very small percentages of interrogative mood type are used in the English language group while this type of mood cannot be found in Vietnamese PILs.

The congruent expression mode of interpersonal meaning in English PILs is observed from: (i) the type of declarative mood with a typical form+Subject +Finitethat realizes congruently the speech function ofstatement; (ii) the type of imperative mood realizing congruently the speech function ofcommand. The two forms of imperative mood that are found in the English language group only include the element of finite, or verb being predicates; and (iii) the type of interrogative mood with the typical form:+Wh-^ + Finite^+Subject(the questions with question words) and+Finite^+Subject(Yes/No questions) in realizing the speech function ofquestion.

Relating to Vietnamese in the same text genre, only two types of declarative and interrogative mood types are found, so the congruent mode of expression of interpersonal meaning through language means of mood is only observed from these two mood types including: (i) the type of declarative mood with a typical form+Subject + Predicatesrealizes the typical speech function ofstatement; and (ii) the type of imperative mood with the typical form of-Subject + Predicatewhich realizes congruently the speech function ofcommand.

- From the perspective of modality types, the congruent expression mode of interpersonal meaning in English PILs is observed from the following means: (i)Modal Finitesexpresses implicit subjective congruently realizing the modality meaning, and (ii)Modality Adjunctsexpressing the implicit objective congruently realizing the modality meaning. With (i) we found 13 modal finites that are classified as high, medium and low, including: High-value modal finites:must, need, have to, mustn't, can't; Medium-value modal finites:is to, should, will, shouldn't; and low-value modal finites:may, might, can, could. With (ii) we find the following 11 high-value, medium and low-value modal Adjuncts that are found in the English language group: High-value modal Adjuncts:always, never, sure, required, determined; Medium-value modal Adjuncts:usually, probably; Low-value modal Adjuncts:possible, hardly, sometimes, rare.

Contrasting with Vietnamese, the congruent mode expresses interpersonal meaning in Vietnamese PILs groups is also observed from two means of modality:Modal Finitesexpresses implicit subjective congruently realizing the modality meaning, and (ii)Modality Adjunctsexpressing the implicit objective congruently realizing the modality meaning. With (i) we found 6 modal Finites with three values ​​​​of High, Medium and Low. High-value modal Finites:must, must not; Medium-value modal Finites:should, should notand Low-value modal Finites:maybe. With (ii) we find 4 modality Adjuncts with three values ​​​​of High, Medium and Low. High-value modality Adjuncts:Always, never; low-value modality Adjuncts:occasionally, rarely. There are no medium value modality Adjuncts found in Vietnamese PILs group.

Incongruent expression mode

- From the perspective of mood types, the incongruent expression mode of interpersonal meaning in English PILs is observed from the use of mood types realizing untypical speech functions including: the type of declarative mood realizing the speech function ofcommand, the type declarative and imperative mood realizing the speech function ofoffer, and the declarative mood type realizing the speech function ofquestion. Contrasting with Vietnamese in the same genre of text, the incongruent expression mode of interpersonal meaning in Vietnamese PILs is observed from the use of the declarative mood type realizing incongruently the speech function ofcommand, the type declarative and imperative mood realizing the speech function ofoffer

- From the perspective of modality, the incongruent expressive mode of interpersonal meaning can only be found in English PILs group. No modality has been found to realize incongruently in the Vietnamese language group. This expression mode is done through a projection clause explicit objective realizing modality meaning. 170 high, medium and low value projections appear in the English language group as follows: High-value projection clauseIt's certain that...; The Medium-value projection clauseIt's important that..., It's recommended that...,Your doctor may recommend you..., The truth is that..., There is a risk that;and the projection of low valueIt's possible that...

In general, the statistics of the thesis show that the interaction of the PILs genre in the two languages ​​is revealed through both congruent and incongruent expression modes. However, in the two expression modes of interpersonal meaning in the English and Vietnamese PILs through means of 'mood' and 'modality', the congruent expression mode of interpersonal meaning in the genre is more dominant than the other in both language groups. This is reflected in the general tendency of choosing to use the way of congruent realization of interpersonal meaning through mood and modality much higher than the other in both groups of English and Vietnamese PILs.

The congruent realization of interpersonal meaning in texts shows close intimate relationships between text writers and readers (Haliday and Matthiesen, 2013), and that the writer has created a feeling for the reader as if the text were written for readers themselves, as if they were very close and there were an equal relationship between them (Eggins, 2004). PILs writers need to shorten the social gap with the reader so that they can give readers a sense of closeness and intimacy so that they are ready to receive what is mentioned in the text, which helps improve the effectiveness of the text. But their position and authority in the text as health professionals must be maintained through the use of incongruent realization of interpersonal meaning. Explanation for this is probably due to the characteristics of the text genre which is equipped with relevant knowledge relating to medicine, providing essential information about the drug and how to use it, to persuade, influence the decision of the reader, orient and call the reader to accept and make decisions to act upon.