The supplementation and development of the Party's reform line during the reform period (1986-2016)

I. FROM THE REFORM POLICY OF THE SIXTH CONGRESS (1986)

1.1. Breakthroughs that shaped the reform process

According to the model and path to socialism defined by the Fourth Party Congress, during the period 1976-1986, alongside great victories in national defense and many significant achievements in national construction, Vietnam's economic and social situation also revealed many mistakes and weaknesses, and fell into an increasingly serious crisis. This reality in Vietnam, along with profound changes in the global landscape, presented the Party with the issue of renewing its thinking on socialism and the path to socialism...

The process of arriving at the Party's reform line has involved much deliberation, exploration, and experimentation, including three major breakthroughs.The initial breakthroughThe 6th Plenum of the 4th Central Committee (August 1979) advocated for making production "break free" by all means; no longer viewing planned economy as the sole form of economic development; and affirming the necessity of combining planning with the market.Second breakthroughThis refers to the 8th Central Committee Conference, 5th term (June 1985), which decisively abolished the centralized bureaucratic subsidy mechanism and implemented a single-price mechanism; abolished the system of supplying goods at low prices; and shifted all production and business activities to a socialist business accounting mechanism.The third breakthroughThe Politburo's 5th Conference (August 1986 and late 1986) concluded with "Conclusions on some issues concerning economic viewpoints": a) In structuring the economy and investment, agriculture must be the primary focus; efforts must be made to develop light industry; heavy industry should be developed selectively; b) In socialist transformation, a multi-sector economic structure must be identified as a characteristic of the transitional period to socialism in our country; c) In the economic management mechanism, planning should be central, but at the same time, the correct use of commodity and monetary relations must be employed; the centralized and subsidized mechanism must be decisively abolished; price policy must apply the law of value, moving towards a single-price mechanism. The above Politburo conclusion had immense significance in fundamentally guiding the redrafting of the Political Report to the 6th Party Congress, the Congress that decided on the comprehensive national reform policy.

1.2. Basic content of the reform guidelines of the Sixth Congress

The Sixth National Congress of the Party was held from December 5th to 18th, 1986, with the Political Report presented by Comrade Truong Chinh. The Congress discussed and adopted the socialist-oriented reform line, marking a turning point in the Party's leadership in the construction and defense of the country, as reflected in the following basic contents:

With a realistic approach, the Congress affirmed the achievements and pointed out the limitations of the 1976-1986 period, drawing conclusions.lessons learnedFundamentally, it has guiding significance for the cause of building socialism and defending the Fatherland. Based on the determination to thoroughly understand and implement the two strategic tasks of building and defending the socialist Fatherland, the Congress outlined the comprehensive national reform line, focusing on several major issues as follows::

Regarding the concept of the transitional period to socialismThe Party considers this a long process, comprising many successive periods and stages, each with its own appropriate goals, steps, scale, speed, and measures, progressing from low to high levels. It emphasizes avoiding hasty, willful attempts to skip stages, and instead adhering to the natural laws of transition from small-scale to large-scale socialist production. Based on this thinking, the Congress determined that Vietnam is currently in the initial stage of the transition period.

Regarding objectives and tasks:The Party believes that because our country is in the early stages of the transition period, the overarching task and overall goal for the remaining years of this period is to stabilize all aspects of the socio-economic situation and continue to build the necessary foundations for accelerating socialist industrialization in the next stage. The specific goals for this stage are: to produce enough for consumption and accumulation; to initially create a rational economic structure to develop production; to build and perfect a new stage of production relations in accordance with the nature and level of productive forces; to create positive social changes; and to ensure the needs for strengthening national defense and security.

Regarding tasks and solutions:The Congress advocated for comprehensive reforms in economics, politics, society, culture, and foreign relations, but primarily in economics, focusing on economic reform as a foundation for gradual reforms in politics and other areas. To reform the economy, 10 solutions were needed, primarily focusing on restructuring production, making major adjustments to the investment structure to prioritize agriculture, and concentrating on three major economic programs (foodstuffs, consumer goods, and export goods); building and consolidating socialist production relations, properly utilizing and transforming economic sectors, considering a multi-sector economy as a characteristic of the transitional period in our country; reforming the economic management mechanism, shifting to socialist business accounting, and operating under a market mechanism, etc.

The guiding principle of the reform policy is:To unleash all existing productive capacities, exploit all the country's potential, and effectively utilize international assistance to develop productive forces while simultaneously building and consolidating socialist production relations. The Party and the State create conditions and mechanisms for the people to do the work, not to do it for them.

SoThe Party's reform line, with economic reform as its central focus, is based on a new way of thinking about three fundamental issues: Restructuring the production structure, making major adjustments to the investment structure, and initially concentrating on three major economic programs; Building and consolidating socialist production relations, properly utilizing and transforming economic sectors; Reforming the economic management mechanism, shifting to socialist business accounting, and implementing a single price system (simply put, shifting from prioritizing industry to prioritizing agriculture, from a two-sector economy to a multi-sector economy, and from a planned economy to a market economy).

II. THE PROCESS OF SUPPLEMENTING AND DEVELOPING THE REFORM POLICY (1986-2016)

2.1. From 1986 to 1996: supplementing and developing the reform policies to bring the country out of the economic and social crisis.

Following the Sixth National Congress (December 1986), the Sixth Central Committee held numerous conferences focusing on leading the implementation of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1986-1990), the most important of which was the Second Conference of the Sixth National Congress (April 1987).Deciding on the direction to solve the problem of circulation and distribution.The 3rd/6th Conference (August 1987) decided on"transfer"Transitioning the operations of state-owned economic units to socialist business accounting, and reforming state management of the economy."The 5th/6th Conference (June 1988) issued a ResolutionResolution on some urgent issues concerning Party building. 6th/6th Conference (January 1989)Assessing the situation and formulating specific policies to guide the reform process in depth, and outlining the fundamental principles that must be upheld by the entire Party and the entire people in the process of continuing the reform.The 7th/6th Conference (June 1989) issued a Resolution onSome urgent issues concerning ideological work in light of the current domestic and international situation.The 8th/6th Conference (March 1990) adopted a ResolutionRegarding the situation in socialist countries, the destructive actions of imperialism, and the urgent tasks of our Party.(Resolution 8A). The conference also discussed and adopted the ResolutionRegarding strengthening the relationship between the Party and the people, promoting the people's right to self-governance, and accelerating the reform process.(Resolution 8B). The 9th Conference/VI (August 1990) discussed a number of urgent socio-economic issues, with the guiding principle being resolute implementation.reforming the economic management mechanism“…

In June 1991, the Party held its 7th Congress with the spirit ofIntelligence - Innovation - Democracy - Discipline - Unity, throughProgram for building the country during the transitional period to socialism, Strategy for stabilizing and developing the socio-economic situation until 2000“…ProgramIt has 4 parts, 12 major issues, which have been confirmed.4 Great Victoriesof the Vietnamese revolution under the leadership of the Party according to previous programs and conclusionsfive major lessons learnedThroughout the Vietnamese revolution, the Manifesto outlined the profound and significant changes in the international situation that impacted our country's revolution, and presented the Party's conception of socialism that our people would build as a society with6 basic characteristics: The working people are the masters; there is a highly developed economy based on modern productive forces and public ownership of the main means of production; there is an advanced culture rich in national identity; people are liberated from oppression, exploitation, and injustice, working according to their abilities and receiving rewards according to their labor, enjoying a prosperous, free, and happy life, with conditions for comprehensive personal development; all ethnic groups in the country are equal, united, and help each other to progress together; there are friendly relations and cooperation with the people of all countries in the world.

From June 1991 to June 1996, the Central Committee of the 7th Party Congress held thematic conferences to discuss the implementation of the Congress's resolutions. Notably, the 2nd Conference of the 7th Party Congress (November 1991) discussed the issue of stabilizing and developing the socio-economic situation and amending the Constitution. The 3rd Conference of the 7th Party Congress (June 1992) studied and decided on three important issues:World situation and foreign policy; strengthening national defense and maintaining national security; Party reform and rectification.The 5th/7th Conference (June 1993) conducted further research oncurrent state of agriculture and rural areas,to decide on policies to advance agriculture and rural areas more rapidly and sustainably...

From January 20th to 25th, 1994, in Hanoi, the Mid-term National Conference of Delegates of the 7th Party Congress convened and identified four major challenges facing the reform process:The risks include falling further behind economically compared to many countries in the region and the world; the risk of deviating from the socialist path; the risk of corruption and bureaucracy; and the risk of "peaceful evolution" orchestrated by hostile forces.The 7th/7th Conference (July 1994) discussed and decidedRegarding policies and strategies for industrial and technological development and the building of the working class.The 8th/7th Conference (January 1995) discussed and passed a resolution onContinuing to build and perfect the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, reforming the state administration...

OverallBy the first half of 1996, the reform process, which had spanned 10 years, had achieved many successes.new great victoryOur country has emerged from the socio-economic crisis, but some aspects are still not stable.

2.2. From 1996 to 2016: supplementing and developing the reform guidelines, promoting industrialization, modernization of the country and international integration.

Eighth National Congress of DelegatesThe Party's meeting, held from June 22nd to July 1st, 1996, concluded that...Six key lessons from 10 years of reform.To uphold the goals of national independence and socialism, firmly grasp the two strategic tasks of building and defending the Fatherland, and persistently adhere to Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought; to closely combine economic reform with political reform from the outset, focusing on economic reform while gradually reforming politics; to build a multi-sector commodity economy operating under a market mechanism, coupled with strengthening the State's management role according to socialist orientation; to ensure economic growth is linked to social progress and equity, preserving and promoting national cultural identity, and protecting the ecological environment; to expand and strengthen the great national unity, unleashing the strength of the entire nation; to expand international cooperation, gaining the sympathy, support, and assistance of the world's people, combining national strength with the strength of the times; and to strengthen the Party's leadership role, considering Party building as a key task.The Congress advocated a shift to a period of accelerated industrialization and modernization.The goal is to transform our country into a modern industrialized nation by 2020.

Subsequently, the 2nd/8th Plenum of the Central Committee (December 1996) adopted a Resolution.Regarding the strategic orientation for the development of education and training during the period of industrialization and modernization, and the tasks up to the year 2000;and ResolutionRegarding the strategic orientation for the development of science and technology during the period of industrialization and modernization, and the tasks up to the year 2000.The 5th/8th Conference (July 1998) issued a ResolutionRegarding the building and development of an advanced Vietnamese culture, rich in national identity,Viewing culture as the spiritual foundation of society, it serves as both a goal and a driving force for socio-economic development...

Entering the 21st century, our country's revolution is facing both great opportunities and significant risks and challenges that cannot be ignored.Ninth National Congress of DelegatesThe Party's meeting was held from April 19 to 22, 2001, with the following theme:Harnessing the strength of the entire nation, continuing to innovate, accelerating industrialization and modernization, and building and defending the socialist Vietnamese Fatherland.The Congress emphasized several points.main lessonlike:First,During the process of reform, we must persistently pursue the goal of national independence and socialism on the foundation of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought.Secondly, pourNew ideas must rely on the people, work for the benefit of the people, be in line with reality, and always be innovative.Third,Innovation must combine national strength with the strength of the times.Fourth,The Party's correct policies are the decisive factor in the success of the reform process.

The Congress argued that our country's path forward is a transitional development towards socialism, bypassing capitalism—that is, bypassing the establishment of the dominant position of capitalist production relations and superstructure—but absorbing and inheriting the achievements that humanity has attained under capitalism, especially in science and technology, in order to rapidly develop productive forces and build a modern economy. During the transitional period, there are many forms of ownership of the means of production and many different social classes and strata.The interests of the working class are in harmony with the interests of the entire nation.with the common goal of national independence linked with socialism, a prosperous people, a strong nation, a just, democratic, and civilized society…

Following the Congress, the 3rd/9th Central Committee Conference (September 2001) affirmedThe state-owned economy must play a leading role.The 5th Conference/9th Session (February 2002) issued a ResolutionRegarding accelerating the industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas during the period of 2001.-2010 and ResolutionRegarding innovation, development, and improvement of the efficiency of the collective economy; the Resolution continues to innovate mechanisms and policies, encourage and create conditions for the development of the private economy.The 6th/9th Conference (July 2002) provided input on continuing the development of education and training in science and technology until 2005 and until 2010. The 7th/9th Conference (March 2003) adopted a Resolution.Regarding promoting the strength of national unity for a prosperous people, a strong nation, and a just, democratic, and civilized society; Resolutions on ethnic affairs and religious affairs; Resolutions on continuing to reform land policies and laws during the period of accelerated industrialization and modernization of the country.The 8th Conference/9th Session (July 2003) issued a Resolution onNational defense strategy in the new situation…

In April 2006, the 10th National Congress of the Party convened with the theme: “Enhancing the leadership capacity and fighting strength of the Party, unleashing the power of the entire nation, comprehensively accelerating the reform process, and quickly lifting our country out of underdevelopment."Assessing the achievements of the reform process (1986 - 2006), the Congress revised the six characteristics of socialism outlined by the 7th Congress and added two new characteristics:A prosperous people, a strong nation, fairness, democracy, and civilization.andThere is a socialist rule of law state of the people, by the people, and for the people under the leadership of the Communist Party.^([1]).

Subsequently, the 3rd/10th Central Committee Conference (July 2006) approved it.Resolution on strengthening the Party's leadership in the fight against corruption and waste; Regulations on Party members engaging in private economic activities.The 4th Conference/X (January 2007) discussed proposals on several major policies and guidelines when Vietnam became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO); and issued a Resolution onVietnam's maritime strategy until 2020The 5th Conference/X (July 2007) heard reports and discussed proposals:Ideological, theoretical, and journalistic work in response to new demands; Strengthening the Party's inspection and supervision; Continuing to innovate the Party's leadership methods over the activities of the political system; Promoting administrative reform and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the state apparatus.The 6th Conference/X (January 2008) heard reports and discussed the following proposals:Continuing to build the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerated industrialization and modernization; Continuing to perfect the socialist-oriented market economy; Regarding the expansion of the administrative boundaries of Hanoi Capital City.The 7th/10th Conference (July 2008) heard reports and discussed the following projects:"Strengthening the Party's leadership over youth work during the period of accelerated industrialization and modernization"; "Building a team of intellectuals during the period of accelerated industrialization, modernization of the country and international economic integration"; "Issues of agriculture, farmers, and rural areas"...

The 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam took place from January 12 to 19, 2011, with the theme:Continuing to enhance the leadership capacity and fighting strength of the Party, unleashing the power of the entire nation, comprehensively accelerating the reform process, and creating a foundation for Vietnam to basically become a modern industrialized country by 2020..Supplementary and Development Program of 2011The Congress adopted a resolution defining the socialist society that our people are building as a society with8 characteristics: A prosperous people, a strong nation, democracy, fairness, and civilization; governed by the people; a highly developed economy based on modern productive forces and progressive production relations; an advanced culture rich in national identity; people enjoying a comfortable, free, and happy life with conditions for comprehensive development; all ethnic groups in the Vietnamese community are equal, united, respectful, and supportive of each other's development; a socialist rule of law state of the people, by the people, and for the people, led by the Communist Party; friendly and cooperative relations with countries around the world.^[2].

Following the Congress, the 3rd/11th Central Committee Meeting (October 2011) adopted...Regulations on what Party members are not allowed to do.The 4th Conference/11th Session (December 2011) considered and gave opinions on:A draft plan addressing some urgent issues concerning Party building today;The project aims to build a comprehensive infrastructure system to essentially transform Vietnam into a modern industrialized country by 2020.The 5th Conference/11th Session (May 2012) discussed and issued...Conclusion on the review of the implementation of the 1992 Constitution and some basic contents that need to be amended and supplemented in the 1992 Constitution.The 6th Conference/11th Session (October 2012) discussed and gave opinions on the Project "Continue to restructure, innovate, and improve the efficiency of state-owned enterprises.Regarding the continued reform of policies and laws.Regarding land use during the period of accelerated industrialization and modernization of the country;...The 7th/11th Conference (May 2013) discussed and provided guidance on the following issues:Continue to innovate and improve the political system from the central to the grassroots level; strengthen and innovate the Party's leadership over mass mobilization work in the new situation; proactively respond to climate change, strengthen resource management and environmental protection.The 8th Conference/11th Session (October 2013) discussed and provided opinions on:Fundamental and comprehensive reform of education and training; Draft amendments to the 1992 Constitution; Summary of 10 years of implementing Central Resolution 8 (9th Congress) on the Strategy for National Defense in the new situation;The 14th Conference/11th (January 2016) discussed and approved the policy of signingTrans-Pacific Partnership Agreement(TPP);...

The 12th National Congress of the Party took place from January 20 to 28, 2016, with the spirit of:Unity, Democracy, Discipline, Innovation.The Congress affirmed that thirty years of reform is a crucial historical period in the cause of national construction and defense, marking the maturity in all aspects of the Party, the State, and our people. Overall, through 30 years of reform, our country has achieved...great achievements of historical significance;At the same time, there are still many major and complex problems.many limitations and weaknessesWe need to focus on addressing and overcoming these issues in order to continue driving the country's rapid and sustainable development.The overall objectives for the five-year period 2016-2020 are:Strengthening the building of a clean and strong Party, enhancing the Party's leadership capacity and fighting strength, and building a robust political system. Promoting the strength of the entire nation and socialist democracy. Accelerating comprehensive and synchronized reforms; developing the economy rapidly and sustainably, striving to soon transform Vietnam into a modern industrialized country. Improving the material and spiritual lives of the people. Resolutely and persistently fighting to firmly defend the independence, sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity of the Fatherland, protecting the Party, the State, the people, and the socialist system. Maintaining peace and stability, proactively and actively integrating into the international community for national development; enhancing Vietnam's position and prestige in the region and the world.

III. SOME THOUGHTS ON SUPPLEMENTING AND DEVELOPING THE REFORM PATH AND THE ISSUES RAISED

3.1 - Some new breakthroughs in supplementing and implementing the reform guidelines (1986-2016)

Understanding is a process. The supplementation and development of the Party's reform line from 1986 (6th Party Congress) to 2016 (12th Party Congress) has taken place step by step based on theoretical research and practical总结, stemming from the demands of the reform process, most notably at the Party Congresses.

Seventh Congress (1991)The Party adopted the "Program for Building the Country during the Transition Period to Socialism," which provided the most general concept of socialist society in Vietnam and the basic direction for building that society; affirmed Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought as the ideological foundation and guiding principles for the Party's actions; affirmed the development of a multi-sector commodity economy operating under a market mechanism with state management and socialist orientation; and implemented diversification and multilateralization of international relations,...

Eighth Congress (1996)The document affirms that Vietnam has emerged from the socio-economic crisis, further clarifying the concept of the first and subsequent stages in the transitional period; clearly stating the goal of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country, striving to fundamentally transform Vietnam into an industrialized nation by 2020; viewing economic reform as the central task; considering culture as the spiritual foundation of society, both a goal and a driving force for socio-economic development; further clarifying the socialist orientation in building a multi-sector commodity economy; continuing to affirm the building of a socialist rule of law state of the people, by the people, and for the people; and emphasizing that the development of education, training, and science and technology is a top national priority.

Ninth Congress (2001),The document defines the general goal of our country's revolution in the current stage as "national independence linked with socialism, a prosperous people, a strong nation, a just, democratic, and civilized society" (a new point in this general goal is the addition of the word "democracy"); it provides a deeper, more complete, and more comprehensive assessment of the position and role of Ho Chi Minh's ideology; and it affirms that the overall economic model for the entire transitional period is a socialist-oriented market economy.

10th Congress (2006),Five major lessons were drawn, and it was concluded that the Party's understanding of socialism and its path to socialism has become increasingly clearer; the system of theoretical viewpoints on the reform process, on socialist society, and on the path to socialism in Vietnam has been formed in its basic features; and the model of socialism in Vietnam has been defined as follows:8 characteristics.

11th Congress (2011)The 2011 Supplementary and Development Program, which outlines the overall goal at the end of the transitional period in our country, is to: fundamentally build the economic foundation of socialism with a suitable political, ideological, and cultural superstructure, creating the basis for our country to become an increasingly prosperous and happy socialist nation; and to strive to build our country into a modern industrialized nation, oriented towards socialism, by the middle of the 20th century...

12th National Congress of the Party(1-2016) with the theme “Strengthening the building of a clean and strong Party; promoting the strength of the entire nation and socialist democracy; comprehensively and synchronously accelerating the reform process; firmly protecting the Fatherland, maintaining a peaceful and stable environment; striving to soon make our country basically an industrialized country in the modern direction.” These are viewpoints that are both inherited and innovative, opening up a period of rapid and sustainable development for the reform process in the socialist direction in the coming time.

3.2. Regarding experience and some issues raised

It can be said that, by early 2016, our Party had basically formed a system of theoretical viewpoints on the reform process and the path to socialism in Vietnam.The practical experience of forming, as well as supplementing and developing, the reform policy shows that:

First, substantive innovation.It means protecting and promoting what is old and right, modifying what is right but no longer suitable, and abandoning what is old and wrong; creating and absorbing what is new and good, and transforming what is new and unsuitable; and resolutely rejecting what is new but wrong or incorrect for Vietnam..

Secondly, the reform policy.It is the result of a process of exploration and experimentation, through arduous intellectual struggles and reflections based on practical experience, combined with the application of theory, successively going through important breakthroughs from low to high levels, from partial to fundamental reform, from reform in specific areas to comprehensive reform, and must continue to supplement and develop the reform guidelines in the reform period.

Third,To achieve innovation, the Party must know how to listen, select, summarize, and generalize the opinions, initiatives, and creative approaches of the people in localities and at the grassroots level, so that it can arrive at correct decisions and appropriate policies, especially during difficult times or when facing pivotal requirements.

Fourth,Innovation is a struggle between the old and the new, often intensely within individuals, organizations, and localities. Therefore, it requires perseverance in innovation, the courage to confront the truth, the willingness to acknowledge mistakes, and the abandonment of outdated ways of thinking and doing things. It also requires resolutely overcoming conservative and dogmatic thinking. At the same time, it is crucial to avoid extremism and impatience, not to view innovation as a matter of survival, but to proceed step by step, cautiously, and with principles, without deviating from the goal.

Fifthly,The reform policy is formed on the basis of independence, self-reliance, and creativity, stemming from the reality of Vietnam, while also selectively drawing on international experience, ensuring that the policy is in accordance with the law, in line with people's will, and relevant to the times, so that it can quickly be implemented in practice.

Over 30 years of reform(1986-2016), the Party's understanding of socialism and the path to socialism in our country has become increasingly clearer. However, we believe it is necessary and possible to supplement and revise some issues as follows:

The firstThe theme of the 12th Party Congress is correct, concise, and profound, but should bePut democracy first., wall "Strengthening socialist democracy and building a clean and strong Party; unleashing the strength of the entire nation; comprehensively and synchronously promoting the reform process; firmly defending the Fatherland and maintaining a peaceful and stable environment; striving to soon transform our country into a fundamentally modern industrialized nation.This is because...democracyIt is a fundamental factor, serving as both a goal and a driving force for building the Party, unleashing the strength of the entire nation, and in innovating, building, and defending the country.

MondayAmong the characteristics of the Vietnamese socialist model, the first characteristic, which states the purpose of socialism, should be more fully defined as:An independent, peaceful, unified, prosperous country; a clean environment; sustainable development; a democratic, just, and civilized society; and people who are well-off, free, and happy.Or, to put it simply, the purpose of socialism is:A stable nation, a happy people.

Tuesday, the second characteristic content edit is to add the phrase "owner" to become "Because the people are the masters and rulers."Then it will be clearer, more accurate, more complete, and easier to implement."

Wednesday,The third characteristic should be edited:It has an advanced culture rich in national identity." wall: "It has a scientific, national, and popular culture."Although it may seem outdated, it will be more complete, especially in terms of its popular and people-oriented nature, clarifying the starting point and destination of culture."

ThursdayThe issue of "steadfastly adhering to the socialist path" should be understood as:Firmly committed to the socialist goal.”Because the goal must be firmly maintained, while the path belongs to the realm of solutions, which can be flexibly changed to suit each stage of the Vietnamese revolution and the international context.

FridayIt is possible and advisable to carefully study the idea that it is time for the Party to plan and implementnew reform policies,Or the second phase of reform, with a revolutionary, scientific, and open-minded spirit.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ngo Dang Tri

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[1] Communist Party of Vietnam. Documents of the 10th National Congress. National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2006, pp. 67-68.