Abstract of PhD Thesis by Le Phuong Duy

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIESVEAT

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Le Phuong Duy

 

 

 

SPRING AND AUTUMN OBSERVING ANTS:TEXT ISSUES

AND THE CONFUCIANIST THOUGHT OF NGO THI NHAM

 

Specialized:Han Nom

Code:62 22 01 04

 

 

 

 SUMMARYDOCTORAL THESIS IN HAN NOM SCIENCE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hanoi- 2020

 

 

INTRODUCTION

1. Reasons for choosing the topic

Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenThis work was compiled by Ngo Thi Nham during his five years of refuge from the rebellious soldiers of the Three Provinces (1782-1786). It can be considered a comprehensive commentary on the entire Buddhist scriptures.Spring and AutumnThe first and only work of its kind in Vietnam. Compared to other works of Buddhist commentary from the same period,Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenIt is the most voluminous work of all. And not only is it large in terms of volume, but this work also contains a great deal of intellectual and academic value that needs to be explored and clarified.Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenPerhaps it was not only a place for Ngo Thi Nham to confide his feelings and express his thoughts about the times, especially his involvement in the Canh Ty year case (1780), but also to demonstrate his intellectual stature, scholarship, as well as his ambitions and aspirations when he wanted to rely on interpreting the scriptures.Spring and AutumnThe aim is to find a way out for oneself and for contemporary society. Therefore, the research...Spring and Autumn AnnalsThis has significant meaning and makes an important contribution to the study of Ngo Thi Nham's life, scholarship, and thought. At the same time, the research...Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenIt can also contribute to further clarifying some issues of Confucian thought and Vietnamese classical studies during this period.

Although it was introduced quite early, to date we have very few studies or in-depth research approaches on it.Spring and Autumn AnnalsThis applies to both textual and thematic aspects. Based on our understanding of the research situation, the current state of available materials, the objectives and feasibility of the topic, as well as our personal research needs and capabilities, we decided to select this work.Spring and Autumn Annalsis the subject of study for this thesis:Spring and Autumn Annals:QuestionDèveatThe fundamental principles and Confucian thought of Ngo Thi Nham.

2. Scientific objectives

First, the thesis clarifies the textual situation through textual research.Spring and autumn, the ants.First, determine the quality of the text and select a reliable version for translation and research. Second, based on direct exploitation of the original text.Spring and autumn, the ants.This thesis focuses on studying some of Ngo Thi Nham's economic activities.Spring and autumn, the ants.From there, we will proceed to clarify some of Ngo Thi Nham's Confucian ideas as expressed in his work and offer observations and assessments.

3. Research Subjects - Scope of Materials

3.1.Dresearch subjects

The subject of this thesis is the work.Spring and Autumn Annalsby Ngo Thi Nham, focusing on textual issues, scholarly activities, and Confucian thought of Ngo Thi Nham.

3.2. Scope of materials

The scope of the thesis material is text.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen(including 3 variants A.117; VHv.806; VHv.807 currently preserved at the Institute of Han Nom Studies). In addition, the posthumous writings of Ngo Thi Nham such asGolden horse's journey, Water and clouds' leisurely verses, Cold pavilions' radiant flowers…This can provide supplementary information for understanding Ngo Thi Nham's Confucian thought.Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenThese are also the materials that the topic is interested in.

4. Research Methodology

The thesis utilized the following research methods:

+ Literary and translation methods to interpret the content of literary texts.Spring and Autumn Annals.

+ Methods of textual criticism and taboo studies to solve textual problems (examination, selection of base versions, comparison of variants, dating, publication of reliable versions, etc.)Spring and Autumn Annals.

+ Methods of economic research and hermeneutics to explore and decipher the ideological content and meaning in the work.

+ Descriptive, analytical, statistical, classification, comparative, and contrastive methods (synchronic, diachronic, etc.) will be used throughout the research process.

+ In addition, the topic also combines the use of interdisciplinary approaches from history, history of thought, culture, etc.

5. Contributions of the thesis

- This dissertation provides a comprehensive overview of research and translation related to the topic from the 1960s to the present. Based on this, it assesses the achievements and shortcomings of previous works.

- Survey, compare, and create a table of variations for some parts in the three different versions.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen,To assess the quality, estimate the age, and select VHv.807 as the reliable text for translation and research purposes.

- Identify Ngo Thi Nham's viewpoint on the origin, significance, and value of the scriptures.Spring and Autumn,purpose of compilationSpring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen.

- Inductively analyze and present the four main methods used by Ngo Thi Nham to interpret Buddhist scriptures.Spring and Autumn.

- Research and clarify some issues regardingrules (writing style)andDgreatĩa Spring and AutumnThis is explained in the work.

- Research and clarify Ngo Thi Nham's thought in aspects such as the interaction between heaven and man, morality and self-cultivation, politics, and military affairs. Initially, a comparison should be made between Ngo Thi Nham's thought and that of others.Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenAlong with some of his other works, this points out several factors from the historical context that influenced Ngo Thi Nham's classical interpretation and thought.

- Provide a (selected) translation of the annotations.Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenIt is of good quality for research purposes.

6. Structure of the thesis

Besides the Introduction, Conclusion, References, and Appendix, the thesis is divided into four chapters.

Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation related to the topic and research directions.

Chapter 2: Textual problems of the Spring and Autumn Annals

Chapter 3: Ngo Thi Nham's economic activities in the Spring and Autumn Annals

Chapter 4: Ngo Thi Nham's Confucian thought in the Spring and Autumn Annals

 

Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF RELATED RESEARCH

DUNMARKETABLENDETALENT ANDDRESEARCH DIRECTION

1.1. An overview of Buddhist scripturesSpring and Autumn

CoinautumnSpring and Autumn is one of the classics of Confucianism and also the earliest surviving chronological history of China. Legend has it that...Spring and AutumnConfucius based his work on historical records compiled by the State of Lu.Spring and AutumnThere are three series:The Tale of the Left, The Tale of GongyangandThe story of Coc Luong,collectively referred to asSpring and Autumn Annals春秋三傳.During the Song dynasty, this set appeared.Spring and Autumn Annals of Ho Thi Truyen春秋胡氏傳 (Chun Qiu Hu Shi Zhuo) was compiled by Hu An Guo. This book has had a profound influence on later generations.Three storiesThree Swords togetherStory presentation程傳, Lake StoryHu Xian is also known asSpring and Autumnũstory.

1.2. Explanation of the concept

+) Spring and Autumn Studies

Spring and Autumn StudiesIt is a branch of theology that specializes in the study ofSpring and Autumnalong with commentaries and interpretations of this sutra by Confucian scholars throughout history and related issues.

+) Rules

“Rules” 體例Spring and AutumnAlso known as "rules" (例), "penmanship" (筆法), "calligraphy" (書法), or "rules of meaning" (義例). "Rules of meaning" are the basis and means for seeking "subtle words that convey profound meaning."Spring and Autumnin written form. Ancient people believed that when Confucius compiled this text...Spring and Autumn "whatDJust copy it, whatever.D"If you want to let go, then let go."(筆則筆，削則削). Confucius's "writing" process had its principles. These were the rules or principles for recording and organizing the history of Lu as practiced by Confucius.

+)Dgreatĩa:

Great righteousnessSpring and AutumnIt has been recognized by scholars throughout history as the political thought of Confucius embedded inSpring and Autumn.Great righteousnessSpring and AutumnThe main components included: rectifying names (正名字), defining identities (定名分), suppressing and ridiculing (寓褒貶), honoring the king and exterminating the barbarians (尊王攘夷), and achieving great unification (大一統).

+) Subtle language

"Subtle words" are hidden, subtle words that are not expressed in words. Tưởng Bá Tiềm explains "subtle words" as follows:"Outside "Dgreatĩ"a", Spring and Autumn Annals also have "subtle words". "Subtle words" refers to the reform of the legal system.unmarketableaimingDpreferring the worldDto achieve peace. Confucius achieved this through "borrowing resources to enlighten others."ĩaDto convey his political ideals through the Spring and Autumn Annals."Great principles" can be found in written texts, but "subtle meanings" cannot be discussed in words.

+) Security

"Xuân thu quản kiến" means having a narrow understanding of the classics.Spring and Autumn,This is a humble way of titling by Ngo Thi Nham. However, despite the title "Management of Knowledge," Ngo Thi Nham's purpose in writing, his level of concern, and the content of his analysis are by no means limited.

1.3. Related research and translation situationDunmarketablenDètalent

Based on the available materials, we can summarize the research and translation situation related to the topic in three aspects:

1.3.1. Research status of the author, veatSpring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen and the work of surveying and textual criticismDpoint

1.3.1.1. ProblemDèauthor

Based on information from the two translationsHistoryèu hiunmarketablen chapters of the journal(The version published by the Historical Publishing House, 1961, and the version by the Translation Committee, Ministry of Culture, Education and Youth, Saigon, 1974) states that the author ofSpring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenIt was Ngo Thi Sy and Mai Ngoc Hong who researched the documents and reaffirmed the authorship.Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenIt should be Ngo Thi Nham, not Ngo Thi Sy.

1.3.1.2. ProblemDèveatoriginal text and textual criticism, revisionDpoint

In this respect, some notable works include:Exploring the collection of Sino-Vietnamese books - A source of reference materialseatVietnamese history studiesVolume 2 of Tran Van Giap's work.Vietnamese Han Nom Heritage - BibliographyDèyunmarketableu, Anthology of poems veatn Ngo Thi NhamButIntroduction- Volume 2;Works of Ngo Thi NhamVolume 4 (edited by Mai Quoc Lien);Complete Works of Ngo Thi NhamVolume 4 (Edited by Lam Giang); PartEffectDwater pointunmarketableclearaboutSpring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketableninGrape variety - The essence of the borderby Dinh Thanh Hieu. It can be said that the introduction to the text...Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablenin the aforementioned works (except for the original).Tibetan grapes) also only goes as far as a general, rudimentary description.

1.3.2. Research Status of the Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketableand the ideology of Ngo Thi Nham

1.3.2.1 Research worksèHistory of thought, Confucianism in Vietnam

There aren't many research papers in this category. The first one worth mentioning is this work.History of Vietnamese thought -Volume 1,Nguyen Tai Thu (editor), Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, 1997. In Chapter XXIII, the authors quoted several passages fromSpring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenWhile the presentation aims to explore Ngo Thi Nham's socio-political ideas, philosophical thought, and moral principles, the arguments and assessments remain rather rudimentary.

Doctoral dissertationTrends in Vietnamese Confucianism in the latter half of the 18th centuryDearly 19th century and its impactDits impacteatn learningby Nguyen Kim Son (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1996), was the first work to dedicate a section specifically to presenting aboutSpring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenFrom an economic perspective, the observations and assessments contained within serve as a guide and offer valuable insights for future researchers.

InSome issuesDèvèVietnamese ConfucianismEdited by Phan Dai Doan, National Political Publishing House, 1998,The authors also provided an introduction to Ngo Thi Nham's classic works and approach to literature.

1.3.2.2. Research worksèNgo Thi Nham

First of all, the bookNgo Thi Nham - the man and his careerEdited by Van Tan and published by the Department of Culture and Information of Ha Tay in 1974, it quoted several passages fromSpring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenThis serves as evidence to present some of Ngo Thi Nham's political ideas, views on life, and ethics.

ConstructionNgo Thi Nham in veatTay Son schoolMai Quoc Lien's book, published by the Nghia Binh Department of Culture and Information in 1985, also briefly introduced the context of its creation and some of its contents.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen,as well as giving my initial assessment.

Two dissertationsThe ideology of Ngo Thi Nham (1746 - 1803)by Tran Ngoc Anh (defended at the Institute of Social Sciences of the Southern Region, 2006) andThe socio-political ideology of Ngo Thi Nhamby Tran Thi Thuy Ngoc (defense at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU Hanoi, 2019), also usedSpring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablento present some of Ngo Thi Nham's ideas. But overall, both authors haven't explored much information from him.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen.

1.3.2.3. Specialized research studiesèSpring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen

In addition to the aforementioned dissertation, Tran Thi Thuy Ngoc also has works directly related to...Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablenlike the article 吳時任的春秋管見的管見 (Managing ants inSpring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen(by Ngo Thi Nham) in the international conference "Vietnamese Confucianism and Modern East Asia" (Vietnamese Confucianism and Modern East Asia) held at Tzu Chi University, Taiwan, 2012 and the articleThe transfer of weightsunmarketableNgo Thi Nham's ideas from the Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen to Truc Lam sect only original pure,Philosophy Journal, No. 7, 2015.However, the author's analysis and observations are brief. And most of the data used is based on existing translations, rather than being extracted from the original text.

1.3.3. The situation of translation of the Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen

The booklet can be consideredVietnamese thoughtunmarketable18th century (excerpt from documents)The two-volume set, published by the Institute of Philosophy, Vietnam Social Sciences Committee, 1972, is the first document to be translated.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen.This book provides an introduction to Ngo Thi Nham and his political and philosophical thought, and also includes a selection of five articles.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen.

Next isAnthology of poemseatn Ngo Thi Nham(Volume 2), published by the Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, 1978, briefly introduced the issue of text and content.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen,Simultaneously, I selected and translated seven sections of this book. Of these, the first five sections have translations that are largely similar to, or slightly different from, the original five sections in the collection.Vietnamese thoughtunmarketable18th century (excerpt from documents)Perhaps there was a succession.

Collection veatVietnamese Studies - Volume 7Nguyen Loc (editor), Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, 2000.Collection of Ngo familyeatn factions -In episode 1, co-hosted by Tran Thi Bang Thanh and Lai Van Hung, there is an introduction to the preface.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen,This translation is the same as the translation inAnthology of Poemseatn Ngo Thi Nham.

Among the two comprehensive sets of introductions to Ngo Thi Nham's poetry and writings are:Works of Ngo Thi Nham4 volumes, edited by Mai Quoc Lien (Literature Publishing House and Center for National Studies, 2002) andComplete Works of Ngo Thi Nham5 volumes edited by Lam Giang (Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, 2005),They have set aside separate volumes for introduction and translation selection.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen.

1.3.4. Some observations

Generally speaking, up to this point, we have very few specialized, in-depth studies on this topic.Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenThe existing works, mostly from Vietnamese academia, are largely introductory, focusing on preliminary case studies, with narrow perspectives and limited scope, and lacking clearly defined research methods and directions. Therefore, the research results achieved are limited.

1.4.Dorientation of issuesDèmain researchunmarketableu ofdissertation

Based on a summary of the research situation, the thesis outlines three research directions to be pursued: 1. Regarding the textual issues. 2. Regarding the Spring and Autumn Annals. 3. Regarding the Confucian thought of Ngo Thi Nham.

Little KunmarketableChapter 1

The introductory works, research, and translations summarized in Chapter 1 have only explored this topic in a very limited way.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen,For the most part, this is only a small part of a larger research project on the history of thought, the history of Vietnamese Confucianism, or the thought of Ngo Thi Nham. Based on the above research situation, to overcome the limitations of previous research works, the dissertation has outlined the research direction and tasks, consisting of three main contents: the textual issue, the Spring and Autumn Annals study (mainly including the methodological issues of interpretation, the content of "rules" and "great meaning" of the Spring and Autumn Annals), and the Confucian thought of Ngo Thi Nham.

 

Chapter 2. Textual Issues ofSPRING AND AUTUMN MANAGEMENTUNMARKETABLEN

2.1.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen -author, work

2.1.1. Biography of Ngo Thi Nham

Ngo Thi Nham (1746–1803) was the eldest son of Ngo Thi Sy. In his childhood, his name was Pho, later changed to Nham, with the courtesy name Hy Doan and the pen name Dat Hien. When studying Zen Buddhism, he adopted the religious name Hai Luong Zen Master. In the year of At Mui, the 36th year of the Canh Hung reign (1775), he passed the imperial examination and became a third-class doctor of philosophy, then served as an official for the Le-Trinh dynasty. In the year of Mau Than (1788), when Nguyen Hue launched his second campaign to the North, Ngo Thi Nham served under the Tay Son dynasty. When the Tay Son dynasty fell (1802), Emperor Gia Long ordered Dang Tran Thuong to flog him and Phan Huy Ich at the Temple of Literature. He died after the flogging on February 16th, 1803 (the year of Quy Hoi), at the age of 58. It can be said that Ngo Thi Nham was an outstanding thinker, politician, writer, and military strategist in Vietnamese history during the late 18th century.

2.1.1. The work "Spring and Autumn Annals"unmarketablen

Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenCompiled by Ngo Thi Nham during his refuge from the Three-Province Rebellion (1782). This work is based on the Kim Van text.Spring and AutumnThis book presents and comments on historical events during the Spring and Autumn period from Duke Yin of Lu I (722 BC) to Duke Ai of Lu XIV (481 BC), comprising 12 Dukes (242 years), based on reference and comparison with...Three storiesand the explanation ofStorytelling, Lake Story(i.e.Spring and Autumn Annals of Ho Thi Truyen(of Ho An Quoc during the Song dynasty), along with a number of Confucian scholars throughout history. All events occurred during the 12 reigns of the Dukes.Spring and AutumnThis is fully quoted by Ngo Thi Nham. Compared to other works of Buddhist commentary from the same period,Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablenhas a rather large capacity.

2.2. Text Description

2.2.1. VeatVersion A.117

Document A.117 comprises 7 volumes, preserved at the Institute of Han Nom Studies. This is a handwritten copy, with a consistent and elegant script throughout the entire text. Generally, the handwriting is clear, easy to read, and rarely contains variant characters. The text includes phrases and annotations. Document A.117 is the most complete copy of the content of the original text.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen.

2.2.2. VeatVHv. 806 version

The VHv.806 text, preserved at the Institute of Han Nom Studies, comprises 1005 pages. It is a handwritten text, consisting of four volumes, with annotations and comments. The handwriting style is inconsistent across the volumes. Overall, the VHv.806 text is relatively difficult to process due to numerous instances of small, illegible handwriting, vulgar and unusual characters, and unclean erasures and corrections. The VHv.806 text lacks certain sections.Tuong Cong.

2.2.3. VeatVHv. 807 version

Text VHv.807, preserved at the Institute of Han Nom Studies, comprises 1520 pages. This is a handwritten manuscript, consisting of 7 volumes, written in cursive script, with a consistent writing style from beginning to end. Although written in cursive script, the characters are clear, spacious, and easier to read than text VHv.806. The text contains punctuation marks and annotations. A section of approximately 103 characters at the end of the text is missing..It's possible that this page of the document has been torn.

2.3. Comparing and contrasting variants

2.3.1. Select version nèn

Based on the actual situation of the textSpring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenAs presented above, we have chosen document A.117 as the basis for conducting the comparative analysis. Although this is the latest document, its content is still relevant.Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenThe text is fully preserved, clear, well-structured, with neat handwriting and a rounded, rounded shape.

2.3.2. Analyzing Variants

In this section, we use textual theory to divide the discrepancies and overlaps between different versions into two main types: unconscious discrepancies (including misspellings, missing words/sentences/paragraphs, extra words, incorrect transcription, and phrasing errors) and conscious discrepancies (using different words, using different sentences), along with other phenomena such as text overlap and the use of equivalent word pairs. Statistical data shows that unconscious discrepancies account for the majority. In terms of quality, we find that version VHv.807 has the fewest errors and is of the highest quality, followed by version A.117, and finally version VHv.806 has the lowest quality.

2.4. Text Generation

To determine the text generation, we rely on two criteria:

+) Regarding the date of the text:

Based on the characteristics of the calligraphy, the taboo characters are as described in the section.Text descriptionAs presented, we found that text A.117 was copied by the French School of Far Eastern Studies, thus dating back to the latest period (around the beginning of the 20th century). Texts VHv.806 and VHv.807 are older, having been copied sometime between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, we do not yet have sufficient evidence to prove which text came first.

+) Regarding text similarity:

Based on the survey results, we believe that text A.117 is most likely a copy of text VHv.806, but may also have referenced other sources (possibly including VHv.807), and therefore some errors in VHv.806 have been corrected. However, due to a lack of information, the creation of a transmission diagram is still incomplete.Spring and Autumn AnnalsIt is impossible to do.

2.5. Select the publication

After conducting a survey, based on the criteria for publishing scholarly texts, we decided to select text VHv.807 as the most reliable version for publication and use in research and translation.

Chapter 2 Summary

In this chapter, we have used textual research methods, taboo studies, etc., to conduct a survey and describe in detail the appearance of three texts.Spring and Autumn AnnalsComprising A.117, VHv.806, and VHv.807, we made an estimation of the text's age, selecting A.117 as the base text for comparison and analysis of variants, classifying discrepancies between the texts. We created a table, presenting data on the divergence of texts and information on the integrity, similarity, advantages, and disadvantages of each text. The research results show that all three texts contain errors and deviations from the original text. However, VHv.807 is the best text for research and translation purposes.

 

Chapter 3. The Economic Activities of Ngo Thi Nham

INSPRING AND AUTUMN OBSERVING ANT

3.1. Ngo Thi Nham's views on the origin, nature, and value of the classics.Spring and Autumn

3.1.1. Views on the origin of the Spring and Autumn Annals

Ngo Thi Nham inherited the traditional Confucian viewpoint to further affirm that Confucius was the author of the work.Spring and Autumnthrough his quoting Mencius's words in the chapterDeng Wen Gong - Menciusand there was no further discussion. And at the end of the work, Ngo Thi Nham raised the cause.Spring and AutumnIt was born and reached a higher level, that's because..."The heavens and the earth, the affairs of man and the laws of nature, are all composed accordingly."At the same time, this scripture praises Confucius's meritorious service in "reversing the eight rebellions and restoring order.".

3.1.2. Views on the nature and value of the Spring and Autumn Annals

Ngo Thi Nham paid particular attention to the "formalistic" nature and the value of "serving as a mirror for all generations," and "a model for governing the world" ofSpring and Autumn,This also includes the merits of Confucius in "reversing rebellion," "leaving behind teachings," and "leaving behind moral guidance" for future generations. Through this, Ngo Thi Nham's reverence for sages and scriptures is expressed continuously, systematically, and clearly.

3.2. Purpose of compilationSpring and Autumn Annals

As can be seen,Spring and Autumn AnnalsIt was founded primarily to serve Ngo Thi Nham himself as a loyal subject. Secondly, he wanted to promote the teachings through this purpose.Spring and AutumnThis book aims to help scholars cure the mental ailment of rote learning, failing to fully grasp the meaning of classical texts, so that..."when interacting with the world"maybe"Establish oneself and maintain self-control," "Decide on national affairs and establish laws."It can be said that the spirit of "understanding and applying knowledge" is the main reason for this.Spring and Autumn Annalsalong with other works of philosophical commentary that followed during this period.

3.3. Methodological approach to explanation

3.3.1.Using the Three Stories and the interpretations of the Ancient Confucian scholars.

InSpring and autumn, the ants.There are approximately over 1020 events that Ngo Thi Nham cited in his literary works.Three stories(Narrative(highest citation rate), 15 citation eventsStory presentation,3 cited eventsLake Storyand 41 events quoting the commentaries of other Confucian scholars. The remaining events only quote scriptures, without narrative texts. The extent to which narrative texts are quoted varies depending on the relevance of the event and the author's interests. The quotation of narrative texts in the work is closely related to the narrative section.Ant ManagerIn the following section, the author can: 1. Agree with the information in the story and use it to further discuss and elaborate on its meaning. 2. Refute the information in the story, offering their own opinion to prove and correct it. 3. Use the information in the story to discuss another issue.

3.3.2."Using the classics to explain the classics" - applying other Confucian classics to explain the Spring and Autumn Annals.

The practice of citing other Confucian classics for explanation.Spring and AutumnThis is a tradition in classical studies. While quoting, Ngo Thi Nham sometimes cited individual scriptures, or sometimes cited two, three, or even four scriptures at once. Generally speaking, inSpring and autumn, the ants.Ngo Thi Nham ledTerrible(I Ching, Book of Poetry, Book of History, Book of Rites, Rites of Zhou) more than leadsStory(The Four BooksIn the context of classical quotations,I ChingandBook of PoetryThat's more than anything else.

3.3.3."The concept of interconnected information" and the issue of linking information to narrate and comment on events.

"The use of descriptive and historical context" is a characteristic of the writing style.Spring and Autumnas stated in the chapterCommentary on the Sutras - Rituals.InSpring and autumn, the ants.In many of the events mentioned in the scriptures, Ngo Thi Nham meticulously linked and connected the information to narrate or explain in a relatively detailed and coherent manner the causes, beginnings, developments, and outcomes of an event or story. This method helps readers easily grasp the beginning and end of the event and understand the author's commentary.

3.3.4."Using history as a mirror" - using the Spring and Autumn Annals to reflect on history.

In his work, Ngo Thi Nham not only analyzes the events and their meaningsSpring and Autumn,Furthermore, it uses the events and meanings in this scripture to illuminate historical issues. By relating and proving historical lessons from the scriptures, and simultaneously using historical lessons to explain and supplement the meaning of the scriptures ("using history to prove the scriptures" 以史證經), it aims to assist in self-cultivation and political endeavors.

3.4. Understanding of the style (writing style) of the Spring and Autumn Annals

In this thesis, we have based our approach on the classification of regulations.Spring and Autumnin the bookA Study of the Meaning and Etiquette of the Spring and Autumn Annalsof the Imperial Music Troupe to present aboutThe records of events in the State of Lu(The King of Lu ascends the throne; the King of Lu convenes a meeting and returns home; the Queen and Princesses of Lu; the Grand Ministers of Lu; the calamities of Lu; the construction and building of cities in Lu);The use of words(using words for war, using words for diplomatic activities);Titles and titles(Title of the Vassal, title of the Grand Minister). For each case, we provide examples and analyses, highlighting the inheritance and development of the established rules.Spring and Autumnby Ngo Thi Nham.

3.5. Understanding of the Great RighteousnessSpring and Autumn

InSpring and autumn, the ants.Great righteousnessSpring and AutumnThis concept was frequently mentioned and discussed by Ngo Thi Nham, depending on the specific case and to varying degrees. Due to the limitations of this thesis, we will focus on exploring the interpretation of Dai Nghia (Great Righteousness).Spring and AutumnNgo Thi Nham's ideas focused on three key issues: 1. "Defining social hierarchy" (clearly defining the hierarchy and preventing disorder), 3. "Respecting the King and suppressing the barbarians" (respecting the King of Zhou and suppressing the barbarians), and 5. Great unification.

Little KunmarketabletChapter 3

In Chapter 3, we focused on five main issues, including: Ngo Thi Nham's views on the origin, meaning, and value of the scriptures.Spring and Autumn,purpose of compilationSpring and autumn, the ants.methodology,Management regarding regulations and management regarding the greater good.Spring and Autumnby Ngo Thi Nham. Using a methodological approach, we have identified four main methods that Ngo Thi Nham used to approach the subject.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen.We have also devoted considerable space to presenting Ngo Thi Nham's views on some typical cases of regulations and principles. Through this, we initially point out Ngo Thi Nham's reception and inheritance of regulations and principles from the Spring and Autumn Annals tradition..But it also simultaneously points out the establishment of rules and the promotion of the spirit of righteousness through interpretations bearing the strong personal imprint and profound scholarship of Ngo Thi Nham. A thorough study of the methodology, rules, and the spirit of righteousness is essential.Spring and AutumnThis serves as a foundation for our study of Ngo Thi Nham's Confucian thought.Spring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenIn the next section.

 

Chapter 4. The Confucian Thought of Ngo Thi Nham

INSPRING AND AUTUMN MANAGEMENTUNMARKETABLEN

4.1. The concept of the interaction between heaven and man.

InSpring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen,Ngo Thi Nham paid particular attention to discussing the issue of "heavenly and human interaction." He believed thatSpring and AutumnHe meticulously recorded the events of the auspicious and ominous occurrences, noting their apparent fulfillment, without any apparent indifference or indifference. He believed that human actions could alter the course of fate, provided that people knew how to respect and fear the changes of nature, cultivate virtue, and reform governance.

4.2. Moral and ethical thought - self-cultivation

4.2.1. Cultivating loyalty and filial piety - the root of the Spring and Autumn Annals.

Ngo Thi Nham considered loyalty and filial piety to be the key issues, the root of Buddhist teachings.Spring and Autumn.The purpose of Ngo Thi Nham's compilationSpring and Autumn AnnalsFirst and foremost, it is for one's own benefit, to personally receive and understand, thereby seeking a method of learning to be loyal and filial..The spirit of upholding loyalty and filial piety, and criticizing disloyalty and filial impiety, was discussed and promoted by Ngo Thi Nham throughout his life.Spring and Autumn Annalsthrough various events and characters.

4.2.2. Distinguishing between meaning and benefit

InSpring and autumn, the ants.The distinction between righteousness and self-interest was a topic of great interest to Ngo Thi Nham. He often placed righteousness and self-interest within the framework of public and private affairs, commenting on specific cases. In his analysis, Ngo Thi Nham did not focus on explaining what righteousness and self-interest were, but primarily emphasized the idea of ​​valuing righteousness over self-interest, criticizing those who prioritize personal gain over public interest, and those who are greedy for fame and abandon public office for personal gain.

4.2.3. Methods and purposes of personal cultivation and the relationship between willpower and spirit.

Loyalty and filial piety are the most important requirements for a subject. So how can one cultivate loyalty and filial piety? According to Ngo Thi Nham, the method is to nurture the Hao Nhien spirit. This is the Confucian method of self-cultivation aimed at achieving loyalty and filial piety. He also noted to scholars that the purpose of this diligent self-cultivation is not only to benefit the subject."Establish a good character and behave responsibly."but more broadly, it extends to the matter of"Predict the state of the country, establish laws," "rebel against the government in times of chaos."when dealing with life in the manner of a Confucian scholar. In the final section ofSuicide,Ngo Thi Nham also discussed the relationship between willpower and spirit in self-cultivation aimed at building loyalty and filial piety, controlling actions to maintain standards, and avoiding mistakes.

4.2.4. Emphasizing feminine virtues

"Female virtue," or "the virtue of women," is discussed by Ngo Thi Nham around issues such as the three obediences, four virtues, chastity, fidelity, and loyalty. He praised virtuous women like Thuc Co of Lu and strongly criticized promiscuous women who lacked chastity, such as Van Khuong of Lu and Tuyen Khuong of Wei.

4.3. Political Ideology

4.3.1. Legalization andDunification

          Spring and AutumnThis book is about identity and legitimacy; the overarching spirit of great unity permeates and runs throughout the entire content of this scripture.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen,Ngo Thi Nham further affirmed, deepened, and promoted the significance of legitimacy and national unity in politics and society. According to him, there is a close relationship between legitimacy and national unity. National unity is built on the foundation of legitimacy.

4.3.2. The Noble Prince and the Benevolent Count

"Noble King, Despicable Hegemon" means to elevate the kingly way and disdain the hegemonly way.Spring and Autumn Annalsunmarketablen,Ngo Thi Nham frequently discussed the relationship between the Way of the King and the Way of the Hegemon, analyzing the usefulness of the Way of the King, the harm of the Way of the Hegemon, and the reasons why the Way of the King is revered while the Way of the Hegemon is devalued. Through this, he affirmed and promoted the spirit of "respecting the King and being superior to the Hegemon" and expressed his political views.

4.3.3. Solemn ceremonies

Along with upholding the principles of benevolence and virtue in governance, Ngo Thi Nham also emphasized ritual and its role in politics. Ngo Thi Nham believed that for a monarch, ritual was a tool for governing the country, a means to prevent usurpation and rebellion. For subjects, Ngo Thi Nham considered ritual a good way to guide the king towards righteousness.

4.3.4. ArmyDcreation and methods of water treatment

4.3.4.1 Cultivating virtue and offering guidance

By analyzing and criticizing a series of wrongdoings committed by monarchs inSpring and AutumnSuch as materialism, extravagance, neglect of state affairs, excessive travel, usurpation of authority, favoritism, contempt for the people… Ngo Thi Nham offered lessons and warnings to monarchs, serving as a profound reminder for future rulers to reflect upon these examples, learn from them, and use them to cultivate virtue, correct their minds and bodies, and adjust their behavior.

4.3.4.2. Repairing the public works

Ngo Thi Nham's ideas on reforming the monarchical system are concentrated in three key areas: 1. Emphasizing the succession and the eldest son. 2. Respecting marital fidelity and distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate children. 3. Respecting other relationships (brothers, elders, etc.) within the clan.

4.3.4.3. Governing the country

+)DPolicies and methods of governing a country

It can be said thatSpring and Autumn AnnalsunmarketablenThis is a collection of books richly containing Ngo Thi Nham's thoughts on the methods and principles of governance for monarchs. Issues such as upholding the Way of the King, governing with virtue, loyalty, benevolence, ensuring legitimacy, adhering to rituals, respecting the Mandate of Heaven, protecting the people, selecting and employing talented individuals, avoiding evil, and being cautious in warfare are always addressed through his analysis and commentary. In addition, some other viewpoints on Ngo Thi Nham's methods and principles of governance include: Governing with benevolence and promoting self-strengthening; maintaining power; upholding orthodox teachings and moral principles; employing talented individuals and shunning petty individuals.

+) The relationship between the king and his subjects and the methods of governanceèI

Regarding the relationship between ruler and subject, following the traditional Confucian concept, Ngo Thi Nham believed that the ruler and subject were one entity. They were inseparable, like a shadow and its object, and mutually influential. In his approach to governing his subjects, Ngo Thi Nham emphasized both authority and favor. Both aspects had to be maintained and utilized in the monarch's governance and treatment of his subjects.

+) Consider the people as the foundation

In the work, the idea of ​​"considering the people as the foundation" is expressed in aspects such as respecting the people, being close to the people, protecting the people, loving the people, and being tolerant of the people... Ngo Thi Nham believed that "considering the people as the foundation" is the intention of the sages, the guiding principle ofSpring and Autumn.Therefore, Ngo Thi Nham's ideology of "the people are the foundation" inSpring and Autumn AnnalsIt is also a continuation and development of the ideas of Confucius in particular and Confucianism in general, as found in the classics.

4.3.5. Divine integrity and the principles of servitude.  

4.3.5.1. Maintain proper duties and responsibilities; do not abuse power or act rebelliously.

Ngo Thi Nham presented examples to deter disrespectful behavior, warning future subjects to be loyal to the king, maintain their proper positions, and fulfill their duties. At the same time, he emphasized that monarchs must, from the outset, control their subjects and hold power in their hands to prevent disaster.

4.3.5.2. Cultivate virtue and fulfill your duties completely.

Ngo Thi Nham believed that a loyal subject must maintain unwavering resolve, cultivate integrity, and remain faithful to the state. A loyal subject must also know how to use loyalty to overcome difficulties, possess wisdom and strategic thinking to safeguard the nation, and maintain harmonious relations with neighboring countries.

4.3.5.3. How to protect yourself

Many places inSpring and Autumn AnnalsNgo Thi Nham offered ways for subjects to protect themselves, such as: A subject serving the king must be humble; without humility, one is easily doomed. A subject must value purity, integrity, and gentleness, but if faced with adversity in the officialdom, one must act appropriately; if one deliberately displays excessive behavior, one will not be able to protect oneself.

4.4. Military Ideology

4.4.1. Criticism of unjust wars

From Confucius and Mencius to the ancient Confucian scholars of the past, they all stood on the foundation of upholding the Way of the King, opposing the unjust wars of the Spring and Autumn period, which caused social chaos and suffering for the people. Ngo Thi Nham also expressed this spirit when discussing the events of warfare inSpring and autumn, the ants.

4.4.2. Military Strategy

Regarding military strategy, Ngo Thi Nham believed that a nation doesn't need to be large; self-strengthening prevents oppression. An army doesn't need to be numerous; skillful planning makes it invincible. Military strategy requires caution, meticulousness, discipline, avoiding haste and recklessness; it's crucial to exercise restraint and consider appropriateness. In the army, Ngo Thi Nham affirmed that both generals and soldiers are equally important and closely interconnected. However, because...Spring and AutumnBecause he valued the lives of the people of the nation above all else, Ngo Thi Nham always emphasized the importance of carefully selecting a leader, because an ill-chosen one could bring disaster to the entire country.

CONCLUDE

1. The late 18th and early 19th centuries are consistently regarded as a period of strong development for Vietnamese classical studies, marking the emergence of numerous classical works in various fields such as interpretations of meaning, summaries, concise summaries, and vernacular translations. These works were large-scale, significant, and attracted many authors with different approaches and levels of interest. The achievements of classical studies during this period far surpassed those of the preceding and subsequent periods. Among them, the field of interpreting the meaning of classical texts can be considered the most outstanding and remarkable. Classical authors of this period clearly demonstrated their academic enthusiasm, their efforts to penetrate and understand the meaning of classical texts, overcoming the barriers of rote learning and examinations, and breaking free from the constraints of the vast and authoritative system of commentaries to actively discuss, criticize, and offer their own interpretations.Spring and Autumn Annals- works of commentarySpring and AutumnNgo Thi Nham's work is a prime example of this trend. This work is the most voluminous and also the most analytical work.Spring and AutumnIt is unique among the surviving works of Buddhist commentary in Vietnam. Not only is it substantial in length,Spring and Autumn AnnalsIt is also rich in academic value. The publication of this work is proof that Vietnamese classical studies at that time had undergone remarkable development.

2.Spring and Autumn AnnalsCurrently, there are three remaining texts, all preserved at the Institute of Han Nom Studies, bearing the catalog numbers A.117, VHv.806, and VHv.807. While the number of variant versions is not large, their volume is substantial and their content relatively complex. To address this issue, this thesis employs textual research methods and techniques to systematically describe the appearance and characteristics of each text, select the base version, compare and contrast the variants, and analyze them. From this, we make inferences about the age and quality of each variant, ultimately selecting VHv.807 as the most reliable version for research and translation purposes.

3.Spring and Autumn AnnalsBorn amidst the turbulent period of Vietnam in the latter half of the 18th century, this work's purpose and motivation stemmed from Ngo Thi Nham's personal failures and setbacks in the Le-Trinh political arena, combined with the political, social, and academic decline, and the failures of Confucianism in governing the country and society—all experiences the author himself witnessed. This period marked significant historical events in the country as well as in Ngo Thi Nham's life. It shares similarities with the circumstances and purposes of Confucius's compilation.Spring and Autumn.Perhaps that's why Ngo Thi Nham made that choice.Spring and AutumnIt was for interpreting and entrusting ideas, not for any other scripture. This is also a characteristic of the history of the Confucian feudal system in general and the history of Confucian classical studies in particular. Whenever people wanted to build a peaceful and unified world, they needed a classical text.Spring and Autumn.And when times are bleak, morality fades, and rituals and music are lost, people will still need them.Spring and AutumnIn the hope of restoring honor and order, the motivation behind the writing was...Spring and Autumn AnnalsNgo Thi Nham's work is also not outside this issue. The spirit of venerating Confucius and the value and significance of...Spring and AutumnThis is the dominant factor influencing the entire perspective, content, and ideas of the work. Ngo Thi Nham's intention was to reinterpret and re-examine the work through his writing.Spring and AutumnTo recognize and affirm the eternal truths contained in the scriptures of the sages, in order to personally comprehend and cultivate them, he also hoped that this work could contribute to helping scholars cure the "mental illness" of their minds, providing them with the right way to establish themselves and pursue righteous conduct. His purpose of "reversing the eight chaoss," revitalizing Taoism, restoring Confucianism and scholarly spirit, and hoping for a peaceful and unified world were all embedded in the content of his work. This is consistent with the purpose of other works of classical commentary on the scriptures of the same era.Analects of Confucius, Commentary on the Book of Documents…

4. The use of the phrase "managing knowledge" in the title of the work implies humility regarding academic knowledge and personal perceptions.Spring and AutumnThe "managing the ant colony" method is similar toManagement, Case Studies, Shallow Commentary, Defeated Memorials, Brief Discussions, Explanatory Notes…In the history of Chinese and Vietnamese classical studies, although the forms and levels of approach may differ, the scope and content of Ngo Thi Nham's research and discussion in his work are not limited at all; in fact, they can be said to be very broad and profound. From the foundation of meaning...Spring and Autumnin particular and traditional Confucianism in general,Ngo Thi Nham expanded the discussion to include other issues such as personal figures, events, rituals, diplomacy, military wealth, imperial decrees, and natural disasters.Spring and AutumnHe also placed them in relation to historical periods. All of them were seriously and thoroughly researched and analyzed by him. Ngo Thi Nham's assessments and opinions were always within the bounds of the "subtle and profound teachings" of the sages embedded in the scriptures.

5. InSpring and Autumn AnnalsNgo Thi Nham closely followed and preserved the original structure ofSpring and Autumn.In it, more than 1800 events from this sutra are fully cited. Considering the forms of commentary in the history of commentary.Spring and Autumn, Spring and Autumn, the watchtowerThe work encompasses various forms such as classical interpretations, calligraphy studies, interpretations, and commentaries. However, classical interpretations remain the primary focus. Ngo Thi Nham did not adhere strictly to the text and did not create commentaries.Spring and Autumnfollowing the method of chapter and verse, instruction and guidance, non-disjunction, restructuring, and classification of the content of the scriptures, such as:Analects of Confucius, a foolish case study.It also fails to grasp or discuss the crucial points such asCommentary on the Buddhist scriptures.He completely adhered to the order ofSpring and Autumn,useThree storiesAnd the interpretations of the ancient Confucian scholars served as the basis for tracing the origins and seeking the meaning of the sages' thoughts.Three stories,he usedNarrativemost. The fact that he criticized many times.NarrativeHis approach is primarily from a philosophical perspective, but regarding historical events, he largely adheres to the content of the text.Narrative. Tale of the Lake.Although rarely cited, Ngo Thi Nham was not unaffected by it.Lake story.In the sectionAnt manager,We can see scattered instances of Ngo Thi Nham's inheritance from the Ho Dynasty's narrative, such as certain regulations, time orders ("以夏時冠周月 'using the seasons of the Xia Dynasty before the months of the Zhou Dynasty'"), and concepts of Hua-Di (Chinese and barbarian)... However, this issue requires further research, so we will present it on another occasion. Besides its use...Three storiesWhile relying on the interpretations of early Confucian scholars, Ngo Thi Nham also employed other methods, such as applying other Confucian classics to his explanations.Spring and Autumn,to string together information to narrate and comment on events, usingSpring and AutumnHe simultaneously used historical context to provide his interpretation.Spring and Autumn.Historically, these were traditional methods of interpreting Confucian classics. However, under the skillful and insightful application of Ngo Thi Nham, these methods were maximized, enabling the interpreter to express their purpose and ideas, and enriching the work's content with significant academic value.

6. Sources used inSpring and Autumn AnnalsIt mainly consists of scriptures and historical texts. Regarding scriptures, first and foremost are those directly related to...Spring and AutumnlikeZuo Zhuan, Gong Yang Zhuan, Gu Liang Zhuan, Spring and Autumn Annals: The Righteousness of Zuo Zhuan(Commentary by Do Du, Memorial by Khong Dinh Dat)Spring and Autumn Annals(includeStorytelling, Lake Storyand commentary by the ancient Confucians), followed by other Confucian classics. We found absolutely no mention of any works on Confucian classics.Spring and Autumnof the Qing Dynasty, although the Spring and Autumn Annals were quite developed during the Qing Dynasty. In terms of history, notable works include such as...Records of the Grand Historian, Book of Han, History of the Song Dynasty, History of the Ming Dynasty...Besides,Spring and Autumn Prosperity RoadDong Zhongshu's work is also frequently mentioned. It can be said that the amount of source material used in such a monumental work is considerable.Spring and Autumn AnnalsThat's not too much. However, in our opinion, the author's selection is selective and reflects their own intention. Because...Spring and AutumnIt is both a classic and a historical text, so when approaching it...Spring and Autumn,Ngo Thi Nham had to deal with both classical and historical issues. Using the meaning of classical texts to illuminate history and using history to prove the meaning of classical texts was a dominant trend in his work.Spring and autumn, the ants.And in fact, Ngo Thi Nham skillfully handled the relationship between classics and history by continuously connecting various facts.Spring and AutumnHe analyzed the characters, events, and dynasties throughout Chinese history to draw lessons about morality, politics, and society. Therefore, he primarily chose to use classical and historical documents. At the same time, Ngo Thi Nham likely also wanted to use ancient literary sources, which he considered the most reliable for tracing and researching information and ideological meanings. Reading his work, one can see that he diligently exploited, compared, and sought connections between information and evidence from classical and historical texts to arrive at his own careful conclusions.

7.Spring and Autumn AnnalsThis thesis contains many issues related to the Spring and Autumn Annals. As mentioned above, these issues are very broad and complex, so our thesis focuses only on the two most essential parts of the Spring and Autumn Annals: "rules" and "great principles." Other issues such as characters, events, diplomacy, rituals, calamities, etc., are presented around these two parts. Regarding the issue of rules, through the analysis of several cases of rules.Spring and AutumnThrough analysis, we can see that Ngo Thi Nham both inherited and transformed, developing the concept of "regulations."Spring and Autumn,especially the "rules and regulations" system ofThree stories.Characteristics of the rules-based approachSpring and AutumnNgo Thi Nham's work shares similarities with the approach to legal principles adopted by scholars of the late Qing dynasty. Regarding the issue of righteousness, we have already presented our views on this matter.Spring and AutumnNgô Thì Nhậm interpreted this through aspects such as defining social status, honoring the King while yielding to the barbarians, and achieving great unification. Essentially, it embodied the spirit of righteousness.Spring and AutumnThis was fully inherited by Ngo Thi Nham. He did not offer a new interpretation of the issue. However, Ngo Thi Nham had his own methods for interpreting and arriving at the common goal of righteousness. In some cases, he relied on his own understanding of regulations or researched historical information in scriptures and historical texts... to connect, praise, and criticize events and characters, thereby expressing his ideological stance without deviating from the path of righteousness.Spring and Autumn.That is Ngo Thi Nham's unique characteristic: approaching the issues of Spring and Autumn Annals on such a profound scale was unprecedented among Vietnamese Confucian scholars, both before and after Ngo Thi Nham. This shows that at this stage, Vietnamese Confucianism had developed to an academic level and formed a strong scholarly trend.

8. From studying the scholarly activities of Ngo Thi Nham inSpring and Autumn Annalssuch as viewpoints, pre-determined objectives, interpretive methodologies, and understanding of regulations and general principles.Spring and AutumnThis dissertation proceeds to study Ngo Thi Nham's Confucian thought in the following aspects: the concept of the interaction between heaven and man, the concept of morality and self-cultivation, political thought, and military thought. This represents a holistic understanding of Confucian thought, from the interaction and resonance between heaven and man influencing morality and self-cultivation, to the manifestation of morality and self-cultivation in politics and military affairs. Of course, Ngo Thi Nham's Confucian thought is not limited to these aspects, but here we only address the issues present in them.Spring and autumn, the ants.BySpring and AutumnIt is closely related to Confucian political science, thereforeSpring and Autumn AnnalsThere has been much discussion on this aspect. Basically, it can be seen that Ngo Thi Nham's Confucian thought inSpring and Autumn AnnalsThis demonstrates a tendency to delve deeply into understanding and developing the thoughts of the sages, continuing to affirm the "heavenly and earthly" values ​​in the scriptures, without any criticism, denial, or intention to establish different or opposing ideas. Ngo Thi's Confucian thought inSpring and Autumn AnnalsIt is entirely based on the principles of traditional Confucianism. This is the fundamental element through which Ngo Thi Nham expresses his views, interpretations, and explanations. In particular, issues such as loyalty, righteousness, legitimacy, unity, respect for the monarch, the hierarchy of succession, and considering the people as the foundation are extensively discussed by Ngo Thi Nham. These are perhaps subtle expressions containing Ngo Thi Nham's self-justification and aspirations for human morality and social order. At the same time, they also reflect the needs of the era, which craved stability and order.

9. While fleeing from the rebellious soldiers of the Three Prefectures, Ngo Thi Nham's state of mind was very complex. At times he appeared discouraged and despairing, but at other times he showed optimism, awaiting a new opportunity to showcase his talents. He still considered following the example of virtuous people, achieving great deeds, and bringing glory to his parents as his guiding principles."The career of our Confucian scholars"(From the poem "Hoc Ton Thi - Part Three - Leisurely Poem on Water and Clouds"). And finally, Ngo Thi Nham prioritized "seeing the opportune moment" and "adapting to the times." According to him, the principles of action and conduct were not merely matters of a virtuous man; when the opportunity arose, one should dedicate oneself to serving society and fulfilling the duties of a Confucian scholar. Facing a crossroads in life, Ngo Thi Nham discussed and expressed academic and philosophical issues in his work.Spring and autumn, the ants.It seems that he was seeking direction for the future and preparing for a new opportunity to showcase his abilities that he was awaiting. His spirit of "entering the political arena" never faded. And this became a reality when he resolutely abandoned the traditional framework of loyalty to follow the Tay Son dynasty, emulating the sense of responsibility of a "saintly leader."

10. Selection and researchSpring and Autumn AnnalsThis dissertation is a continuation and supplement to the trend of exploring and researching the classical texts of Vietnamese Confucianism. This is a research trend in Confucianism that has achieved many successes in Vietnam in recent years. It directly contributes to the study of Vietnamese Confucianism and the thought of Ngo Thi Nham. It also aims to serve the teaching and learning of Confucian classics at all levels of training in the Han Nom (Classical Chinese and Vietnamese) major at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. However, because Spring and Autumn Annals is a difficult and relatively new academic field for Vietnamese scholars, and due to limitations in time and scope, the dissertation cannot thoroughly research all the contents of the text.Spring and autumn, the ants.Hopefully, future studies will continue to delve deeper into this work.

 

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS BY THE AUTHOR

RELATED TO THE THESIS

1. Le Phuong Duy (2017), “Detoxification”Spring and Autumn Annals, Templeby Ngo Thi Nham",Sino-Vietnamese Studies 2017(Proceedings of the peer-reviewed national scientific conference), The Gioi Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 357-369.

2. Le Phuong Duy (2018), “Method of interpreting scriptures”Spring and Autumnby Ngo Thi Nham in"Spring and Autumn Ant Management", Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (special issue of the Conference of Young Researchers and Postgraduate Students)T. IV (3b), pp. 432-446.