This page commemorates the 80th anniversary of the school's tradition and 30 years of development.University of Social Sciences and Humanities
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
Nguyen Trung Hai
SOCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT PORTRAITS OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN HANOI THROUGH A STUDY IN NAM TU LIEM DISTRICT
Major: Sociology
Code: 62.31.03.01
ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIOLOGY
HANOI - 2020
The project was completed at: University of Social Sciences and Humanities
Scientific supervisor: Prof. Dr. Le Thi Quy
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The dissertation will be defended before the Doctoral Dissertation Examination Board meeting at ........................................................................................................................
At [time] on [date] 2020
The thesis can be found at:
- National Library of Vietnam
- Information and Library Center, Vietnam National University, Hanoi
LIST OF AUTHOR'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS
Nguyen Trung Hai (2019), “Identify challenges in the family life of the elderly people through research in Nam Tu Liem District – Hanoi”,Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on Social Work in Vietnam – Theoretical and Practical Issues, Ho Chi Minh City National University Publishing House.
Nguyen Trung Hai (2019), “The demand for participation in the labor market of the elderly in Nam Tu Liem district – Hanoi from the perspective of work motivation theory”,Education Magazine(Special issue), pp. 105–109.
Nguyen Trung Hai and Nguyen Thi Vinh Ha (2019), “Social policy orientation to promote the resources of the elderly to contribute to socio-economic development”,Journal of State Management(286), pp. 47–50.
INTRODUCTION
1. Reasons for choosing the topic
Vietnam is considered to have the fastest aging rate, as it only took about 18 years to transition from a young to an aging population. This creates profound changes in the economic lives of the elderly and forces many of them to continue participating in the labor market to secure their livelihoods [Unions Unis, 2007, p. 9].
Similarly, the aging population also creates profound changes in the social lives of the elderly. In the current context of Vietnam, family life for many elderly people is becoming increasingly monotonous due to the phenomenon of "separation of households". This reality leads to increasingly "loose" relationships between many elderly people and their children and grandchildren, and consequently, the respect shown to the elderly by family members also decreases [Thangavel Palanivel et al, 2016, pp. 17-18].
Therefore, to adapt to the increasingly monotonous life at home, many elderly people actively participate in social activities with the aim of finding sources of joy, helping to alleviate feelings of loneliness in old age, as well as strengthening social solidarity [Unions Unis, 2007; National Committee on the Elderly of Vietnam, 2016].
In light of the aforementioned socio-economic changes, this research topic focuses on studying "Social and employment portraits ofNCTHanoi through research in Nam Tu Liem district"
2. Research Objectives
2.1. Purposeshared
This research contributes to supplementing theoretical and practical knowledge in constructing a social profile of the elderly in the family and community, as well as their participation in the labor market. Based on the research, the study proposes directions and solutions to improve the lives of this population group.
2.1. Specific objectives:
3. Research subjects and objects
3.1. Research Subjects
Social and employment profile of NCT.
3.2. Research Subjects
4. Scope of research
4.1. Regarding space
The thesis was conducted in Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi, using a method of purposeful site selection.
42. Regarding time
The thesis was completed between 2016 and 2019.
4.3. Regarding content:
Content 1Overview of research on the social and employment profiles of older adults.
Content 2This study outlines the theoretical basis for researching the social profile and employment of the elderly, the research methodology, and the practical foundation of the research topic.
Content 3: An analysis of the social portrait sketched from the family life of NCT in Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi.
Content 4: An analysis of the social portrait sketched from the community life of NCT in Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi.
Content 5Analysis of survey results on employment of the elderly in Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi.
Content 6Proposing solutions to improve the quality of life for the elderly.
5. Research questions, hypotheses, and analytical framework
51. Research Question
How is the social profile of NCT portrayed within the family and community? What are the characteristics of their actions?
5.2. Research Hypothesis
The majority of older adults establish close and lasting relationships with family members, relatives, neighbors, and friends both before and after age 60. Many fulfill their responsibilities to a high degree in supporting their families and communities, and receive high respect from these stakeholders. However, the social profile of older adults differs across social groups. Male older adults who are in good health and receive social support tend to have closer and stronger social relationships, a higher level of social responsibility towards their families and communities, and receive greater respect from their families and communities compared to other older adult groups.
Employment among older adults is primarily driven by economic factors. However, after age 60, many of them take on simple jobs, without formal employment contracts, with longer working hours and lower incomes compared to their pre-60 years. Despite this, these jobs provide them with high levels of satisfaction. Nevertheless, employment among older adults varies across different social groups based on gender, health, and social welfare status.
6. Scientific and practical significance
61. Scientific significance.
Topic:
Contributing to clarifying the theoretical framework regarding concepts related to the research subject and issues such as: the elderly, social profile, and employment.
Contributing to the verification and development of work motivation theory, social identity theory, and social position and role theory.
Contributing to raising social awareness about the significance and necessity of studying the lives of older adults.
Contributing to providing scientific arguments for the implementation of policies and initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life for the elderly.
62. Practical significance
This research topic examines the living conditions of elderly people working in Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi, thereby sketching a partial picture of the social and employment profile of this population group.
The analysis highlights the characteristics of the social profile of the elderly in terms of gender, health, social welfare status, and work area.
The study also analyzes and highlights the current employment situation of the elderly in terms of gender, health, and social welfare benefits.
The research findings will contribute to raising awareness among the community, as well as among the elderly themselves, about their lives.
7. Structure of the thesis
A. Introduction - B. Main body - C. Conclusion and recommendations
CONTENTS
Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE SOCIAL PROFILE AND EMPLOYMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE
1.1. A group of studies on social portraits as reflected in the family life of the elderly.
1.11. Loneliness exists.in family lifeof the elderly
The transformation of family organizational models is causing many older adults to become increasingly lonely even within their own homes. This is happening in both developed and developing countries. In many households, children/grandchildren tend to leave shared life early to build their own lives outside [Denis Mannaerts, 2016, pp. 10-24].
Furthermore, the shrinking family size also makes many elderly people feel a sense of emptiness even during daily meals [Truong Thi Lam Ha, 2008, pp. 3-4].
1.1.2.The decline in position and rolein the family of the elderly
In traditional society, the elderly always held a prominent position and role compared to other members. However, in modern society, their position and role are increasingly declining as younger generations grant themselves greater autonomy [Denis Mannaerts, 2016, pp. 19-16].
Furthermore, the shift from the traditional to the modern family model creates a qualitative change in the relationships between the elderly and their descendants, whereby this relationship is gradually moving from obedience to equality and consensus, and even to a state of reduced respect for the elderly [Nguyen Thi Ngoc Ha, 2016, pp. 84-85; Nguyen Huu Minh, 2012; Le Ngoc Lan, 2011].
1.1.3.Scare and attention, nurturing positiveof my children and grandchildrenfor the elderly
The relationship between family members always holds a special place because it encompasses blood ties, affection, cultural and social traditions. Therefore, the family is a haven of peace for the elderly to live happily in old age. Caring for the spiritual well-being of children and grandchildren is always of great significance to the elderly, and filial children and grandchildren are those who know how to care for, visit, and encourage the elderly when they are sick or in pain [Nguyen The Hue, 2017; Le Van Kham, 2014a].
1.2. A group of studies on the social portraits reflected in the community life of the elderly.
1.21. Active participation of the elderly in social activities
NCTs are now more interested in participating in social activities. This participation stems from their awareness of the benefits of health protection, social integration, as well as the prevention of depression, anxiety, and social isolation... [Denis Mannaerts, 2016; Odília Maria Rocha Gouveia et al., 2016].
1.2.2. SselfThe respect society gives to the elderly.
Studies by Drennan.J et al. (2009), Kyu-Taik Sung (2010), and many other authors all show that the elderly in the present stage still receive a higher level of social respect compared to other population groups.
However, studies by several authors such as Phan Dai Doan (2010), Vo Dinh Lien (2016), the Ministry of Health (2017), Nguyen The Hue (2017), or the General Department of Population and Family Planning and UNPFRA (2013)... also point out the phenomenon of disrespect for the elderly in a minority group, but this phenomenon tends to spread more and more.
1.3. Group of studies on the labor market participation of older adults
1.3.1. Motivations for older adults to participate in the labor market
Although they have reached retirement age, many older adults continue to participate in the labor market for various reasons. Their motivation for working may stem from the need for social interaction, physical exercise, and contributing to society, but it may also stem from the need to secure their own livelihood [Denis Mannaerts, 2016; Weber. D et al., 2016].
1.3.2. Current situation of elderly people's participation in the labor market
According to research by the United Nations Population Fund, the workforce aged 60 and over in Vietnam is rapidly increasing [UNFPA, 2016]. However, the majority of older adults work in the informal sector, often in small-scale business and service industries [Phan Thi Minh Hien, 2017; UNFPA, 2016]. Their jobs are often highly precarious, and their net wages are low. Furthermore, the working environment is often unsafe, and they rarely pay attention to occupational safety conditions [UNFPA, 2016]. Many older adults are willing to work for lower wages than the societal average [Mac Van Tien, 2015].
Chapter 2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS, RESEARCH METHODS, AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC
2.1. Conceptual Tools
2.11.Elderly people
According to the World Health Organization, as well as the Vietnamese Law on the Elderly of 2012, the termNCT is used to describe people who are 60 years of age or older..
2.1.2. Social profile of the elderly
Social portrait within the familyNCT's scope is understood to include:
The relationships between individuals aged 60 and over and other family members are reflected in their marital status, the number of family relationships, and their behavior towards other family members.The responsibilities of those aged 60 and above within the family are demonstrated through guiding and advising their children/grandchildren, as well as mediating family conflicts and making major decisions for the household.The respect families show for those aged 60 and over is demonstrated through the level of respect they have for their guidance and advice to their children/grandchildren, their role in mediating family conflicts and making major decisions at home, as well as their level of satisfaction with the respect they receive from family members.The relationships between people aged 60 and over, including close friends, relatives, and neighbors, are expressed through the frequency of visits, sharing personal stories, and conflicts with one another.The social responsibility of people aged 60 and over is demonstrated through their willingness to help friends, relatives, and neighbors overcome family conflicts and difficulties.Social respect for people aged 60 and over is demonstrated through the level of respect shown by friends, relatives, and neighbors towards the opinions expressed by this population group, as well as their level of satisfaction with the respect they receive from society.
2.1.3. Employment ofelderly
Employment by the elderly is understood to include activities that generate their own income, for individuals aged 60 and above, provided that such activities are not prohibited by law.
2.2. Theories of Approach
2.2.1. Engine Working Theory
Human motivation is influenced by three basic factors: the need to establish social relationships, the need to integrate into a formal social group, and the group's dynamism in working towards a common goal.
Human motivation also depends on job expectations. Therefore, needs are a crucial factor driving people to work. Based on the nature of the job objectives, employees will determine their own motivation and then decide whether to pursue or abandon their work.
2.2.2. Social Identification Theory
Essentially, social identity theory addresses individuals in relation to their surroundings in order to identify their social identity. This identity can only exist in relation to others.
Therefore, social identity theory always addresses an individual in two aspects: personal identity and social identity. Personal identity includes the unique characteristics of each individual, while social identity consists of the social characteristics that an individual acquires through participation in different social groups, and which are assigned to them by these social groups.
According to social identity theory, the process of perceiving and adhering to the social values of a group contributes to establishing, strengthening, and developing the social values of each member within the group. This means that an individual's social identity reflects the group's social identity and is built upon the foundation of social relationships that involve interaction and mutual recognition.
2.2.3. Position and Role Theory
According to social position theory, the hierarchical structure of social position is evident when individuals participate in social groups, as each member occupies a different social position. Therefore, discussing social position also involves social comparison among members of a group. This comparison relates to various factors such as income, education, employment, ideology, cultural values, etc.
An individual's social position can be one assigned by society or one achieved by the individual. Assigned social positions are those linked to the cultural and ideological factors of that social group. Achieved social positions are those linked to personal factors such as occupation, income, life experiences, etc.
According to social role theory, role is a term used to describe behavior that conforms to social norms or expectations for an individual's behavior in different social positions.
Role theory explains that people in different social positions hold different responsibilities, and therefore need to behave appropriately according to their position and meet societal expectations.
In sociology, a role is understood as the consensus reached by a group of individuals interacting with each other. Through the consensus mechanism, individuals within the group collectively establish a theoretical behavior applicable to everyone placed in that position.
2.3. Research Methodology
2.3.1. The method of summarizing literature
Using this method allows the thesis to gather information through various research topics to serve the purpose of writing a research review, forming theoretical thinking, and analytical thinking about the results obtained in the thesis.
2.3.2. Observation Method
This observation process was conducted at various times throughout the day to gather diverse and rich information about the lives of the elderly.
2.3.3. Survey method using questionnaires
The formula for calculating a sample size that satisfies the requirements of having a standard deviation ranging from 1% to 5% and a confidence interval up to 95% is determined as follows:
|
n = |
t²x p(1-p) |
|
m² |
Where: n is the number of samples to be surveyed
t: is the reliability level (up to 90%, 95%, or 99%)
p: Estimated rate (estimated rate of NCT members currently working)
m: allowable error (at 5% or reduced to 1%).
According to the above calculation formula, as well as based on the Household Living Standards Survey data set conducted nationwide by the General Statistics Office in 2016, the sample size for this study is up to 480 elderly people who are working and generating their own income.
2.4. Overview of the research area and characteristics of the elderly
2.4.1. Overview of the research area
Nam Tu Liem District was formed based on the administrative division of Tu Liem District according to Resolution No. 132/NQ-CP issued on December 27, 2013, by the Government. The total population reached 368,174 people in 2016. By the end of 2018, the district's total income reached VND 44,585 billion, of which trade and services contributed 57.5% of GDP, industry and construction contributed 42.3%, and agriculture accounted for only 0.2%. The report on socio-economic development also shows that the number of households meeting cultural standards reached 88.4%, concentrated among households with elderly people.
Elderly people aged 60-64 account for 35.0%, those aged 65-69 account for 60.0%, and those aged 70 and above account for 29.0%. Of these, men account for 47.9% and women account for 52.1%. The number of elderly people with good health is 13.8%, normal health is 75.0%, and poor health is 11.3%. The number of elderly people receiving social welfare benefits is 42.5%, and those not receiving benefits is 57.5%.
Chapter 3. SOCIAL PORTRAITS ILLUSTRATED FROM THE FAMILY LIFE OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN NAM TU LIEM DISTRICT, HANOI
3.1. Family relationships of the elderly
The proportion of elderly people living with their spouses was high before age 60, but decreased sharply after age 60, from 83.3% to 57.5%. The majority of elderly people lived in households with three or more generations, reaching 52.1% before age 60 and, although slightly decreased, still at 51.7% after age 60. The number of elderly people living in single-generation households also increased, from 5.0% before age 60 to 16.7% after age 60. The average number of members in elderly households reached 5.4 people after age 60, a decrease of 0.3 people compared to the previous period.
3.1.2. Behavior of the elderly towards their families
NCT frequentlyShare your joys, sorrows, and difficulties with your family."This behavior occurred before and after age 60. The average score for evaluating this behavior was 3.65 and 3.60 points, respectively, on a 5-point scale, where 1 represents never and 5 represents very frequently.
Similarly, NCT also sometimes has conflicts with family members, which are expressed through behavior.speak harshly to family members.The average score measuring this level reached 2.23 points in the pre-60 age group and 2.36 points in the post-60 age group.
3.2. Responsibilities of the elderly within the family
3.2.1. Responsibility for guiding and advising children and grandchildren.
As many as 43.5% and 25.6% of older adults admitted that fulfilling the responsibility of guiding their children/grandchildren's career paths is "That's absolutely correct."in the period before and after age 60.
Similarly, 43.1% of older adults under age 60, and 35.0% of older adults over age 60, acknowledged that fulfilling their responsibility to advise and assist their children/grandchildren in overcoming difficulties was "absolutely right".
3.2.2. Responsibility for conflict resolution and major decision-makingindoors
As many as 36.0% and 35.2% of older adults admitted that regularly fulfilling the responsibility of mediating family conflicts was "absolutely right" before and after the age of 60.
Similarly, the number of elderly people who admitted to taking on the responsibility of making major family decisions (such as funerals, weddings, buying/renovating houses, internal and external affairs, etc.) as "completely right" reached 43.8% in the pre-60 age group and 41.9% in the post-60 age group.
3.3. The respect and appreciation that the family shows for the elderly.
3.3.1. The level of respect for the guidance and advice of the elderly from the family.
The average score measuring the extent to which older adults listen to and provide career guidance for their children/grandchildren from their families consistently reaches a high level, up to 3.89 points on a 5-point scale in the pre-60 age group and 3.80 points in the post-60 age group. This indicates that older adults receive great respect from their families.
Similarly, the average score for listening to advice on "helping children/grandchildren overcome difficulties" reached 3.89 and 3.95 points in the periods before and after age 60, respectively.
3.3.2. The level of respect from the family for the elderly's role in conflict resolution and major decision-making.
The average score reflects the level of listening to and mediating conflicts from family members for the elderly, reaching 3.96 points in the pre-60 age group and, although slightly decreased, still reaching 3.92 points in the post-60 age group.
The extent to which family members listen to the opinions of older adults regarding "major family decisions" reflects the level of acceptance and respect the older adult receives from their family. The average score for this level of listening reached 4.06 points in the pre-60 age group and 4.02 points in the post-60 age group.
3.3.3. Level of satisfaction of elderly people regarding respect from their families.
The average score measuring satisfaction with respect from family members among older adults reached 4.31 points on a 5-point scale in the pre-60 age group and 4.39 points in the post-60 age group. This means that older adults have a high level of satisfaction with that respect.
Chapter 4. SOCIAL PORTRAITS ILLUSTRATED FROM LIFE IN THE ELDERLY COMMUNITY OF NAM TU LIEM, HANOI
4.1. Social relationships of the elderly
4.1.1. Frequency of visiting close friends, relatives, and neighbors
Based on the average scores achieved on a 5-point scale, older adults under the age of 60 maintain a high frequency of visiting close friends, relatives, and neighbors (Average scores = 3.62; = 3.61 and = 3.25). Although this level decreases after the age of 60, the frequency of maintaining social relationships among older adults remains impressive (Average scores = 3.50; = 3.25 and = 3.23).
4.1.2. Frequency of sharing personal matters with close friends, relatives, and neighbors.
The survey results show that the level of sharing is not significant. The average score fluctuates around 2.5 points in both the pre- and post-60 age groups, meaning it is average on a scale of 1 to 5, where a score of 5 is very common.
4.1.3. Frequency of conflicts with close friends, relatives, and neighbors
Survey results show that the average score for assessing the level of conflict among older adults with close friends, relatives, and neighbors fluctuates at a low level, below 2 points, meaning it leans towards "never happens," even though this average score indicates the existence of conflict between older adults and the community. However, the average score measuring the level of conflict among older adults in the post-60 age group is lower than in the pre-60 age group (average score = 1.56, = 1.76, and = 1.76 compared to = 1.83, = 1.83, and = 1.89).
4.2. Social responsibilities of the elderly
4.2.1.The level of willingness to help close friends, relatives, and neighbors overcome family conflicts.
The mean score for the willingness of older adults to help close friends overcome family conflicts consistently ranked high on a 5-point scale, whether before or after age 60 (mean score = 3.81 and = 3.68). A similar pattern was observed among relatives (mean score = 3.7 and = 3.69) and neighbors (mean score = 3.7 and = 3.5). However, the willingness of older adults to help decreased after age 60 compared to the earlier stage, although the decline was at a low level.
4.2.2. The level of willingness to help close friends, relatives, and neighbors overcome difficulties.
The average score for community support willingness among older adults under age 60 consistently reaches impressive levels (on a 5-point scale, where 1 is never and 5 is very willing). This average score ranges from 3.86 among neighbors, to 4.19 among close friends, and 4.21 among relatives. Although it decreases after age 60, this average score remains high, with the lowest being 3.50 among neighbors and the highest 3.69 among relatives.
4.3. Social respect for the elderly
4.3.1. The level of respect from close friends, relatives, and neighbors.
The average score measuring how much older adults listen to the opinions of close friends, relatives, and neighbors reached 3.81 points, and 3.41 points respectively. This score, higher than the average on a 5-point scale, indicates a high level of respect that social groups show towards older adults. In the post-60 age range, the average score for this level of respect continues to be impressive, reaching 3.81, 3.62, and 3.58 points respectively.
4.3.2. Level of satisfaction among the elderly regarding social respect.
The average score for older adults before age 60 was 4.19 out of 5 for close friends, 4.24 for relatives, and 3.94 for neighbors. Although this satisfaction level decreased after age 60, the average score remained very high, reaching 4.15, 4.10, and 3.98 respectively. This means older adults have a high level of satisfaction with the respect they receive from society.
Chapter 5. Employment of the Elderly in Nam Tu Liem District, Hanoi
5.1. Factors that encourage the participation of the elderly in productive activities
5.1.1. Working Motor
The survey results show a clear shift in the economic motivations of elderly people in Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi. While before the age of 60, 61.6% of elderly people acknowledged that working to support themselves was "absolutely correct," this percentage decreased to 18.8% after the age of 60.
Similarly, survey results show that the motivation to work to alleviate boredom in life, expressed as "Absolutely true," accounted for only 14.2% of respondents before the age of 60, but this increased to 21.3% in those over 60.
Finally, the survey results show that "respect" from children/grandchildren, or the affirmation of one's self-worth to society, becomes one of the important motivators for older adults to work. However, this motivation decreases with age; while 44.0% of older adults before age 60 acknowledged that the motivation of working to gain respect from their children/grandchildren was "absolutely correct," this percentage dropped to 36.7% after age 60.
5.1.2. Retirement Needs
The survey results show that the percentage of elderly people expressing a need for retirement, as evidenced by their intention to work until they have enough money for old age, is "Absolutely true," and there is no significant difference between the period before and after age 60 (15.2% and 14.8%).
Similarly, 46.3% of older adults under the age of 60 admitted that they would "absolutely agree" to retire from the workforce if they felt their health was insufficient to work, and this rate rose to 55.6% for those over 60.
The percentage of older adults who admitted to intending to work until there were no more employers was "Absolutely true" reached 36.3% in the pre-60 age group and 51.7% in the post-60 age group.
5.2. Occupations of the elderly
5.2.1.Type of work
While 32.7% of older adults worked in agriculture before the age of 60, this figure dropped to 21.7% after the age of 60. Meanwhile, the proportion of older adults working in the business and service sector increased sharply, from 39.6% to 71.9%.
The two most popular occupations among older adults, both before and after age 60, are self-employment (34.0% and 55.6%) and salaried employment (31.9% and 25.2%).
However, despite a high rate of employment contracts before the age of 60, this rate decreased significantly after the age of 60, falling from 48.8% to 26.7%.
5.2.2. Working hours
The survey results show that the average number of working days per week for older adults under the age of 60 is 0.25 days longer than for those over 60 (6.35 days/week compared to 6.10 days/week). This indicates that older adults have a high work intensity, as the majority need to dedicate the entire week to work without any days off.
Similarly, considering the average number of working hours, older adults spend 9.34 hours/day working before age 60 and 7.55 hours/day after age 60. This also means that older adults have a high work intensity, when considering the average number of working hours per day.
5.3. Results of work performance by elderly people
5.3.1. Taverage income from work
The survey results show that while the average monthly income from work for older adults before the age of 60 was over 7.2 million VND, it decreased to nearly 5.5 million VND after the age of 60. This represents a decrease of approximately 1.7 million VND per month.
5.3.2. Job satisfactionc
The results show that job satisfaction among older adults is higher than expected. The column for the measure of mean difference consistently displays positive values. This means that the satisfaction rated by older adults is higher than the score of 3 used as the comparison criterion. Accordingly, in the pre-60 age group, older adults have the highest level of job satisfaction (0.875 points higher than the score of 3). However, in the post-60 age group, the highest level of satisfaction is attributed to working hours (0.665 points higher than the score of 3).
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclude
Based on an economic and social approach, this thesis addresses the lives of the elderly with the aim of portraying their social lives through their family and community life, as well as analyzing the employment situation of this population group through their participation in the labor market, in order to propose some solutions to contribute to improving the quality of life for the elderly.
With the aforementioned approach and research objectives, this thesis focuses on studying the social relationships and social responsibilities of the elderly with their families, close friends, relatives, and neighbors, as well as the social respect they receive from these social groups. These aspects are addressed across different social groups based on gender, health, and social welfare status.
Simultaneously, with the above approach and purpose, the thesis delves into analyzing the factors that motivate participation in the labor market (work motivation, retirement needs), occupation (including type of work and working hours), and work performance of the elderly (income and job satisfaction). These contents are also analyzed according to different social groups based on gender, health, and social welfare status.
The research approach and objectives are clarified through the lens of social identity theory, social position and role theory, and work motivation theory. Social identity theory and social position and role theory focus on analyzing social profiles within the family and community, thereby highlighting the social identity, position, and role of older adults through social relationships, social responsibility, and social respect. Meanwhile, work motivation theory is the main theory applied in the study of the employment situation of older adults to explain the factors that motivate participation in productive activities, career choices, and work performance.
The research approach and objectives of this thesis were achieved using various research methods, the most fundamental of which was a questionnaire survey with 480 representative samples of elderly people working and living in Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi. The selection of this sample size was based on scientific principles of methodology and research methods, as well as practical information about the research area, thus ensuring the reliability and scientific value of the thesis's conclusions.
The combination of different research methods with perspectives from the aforementioned theories contributes to enriching the content of the theories, while also allowing the thesis to answer the research question and test the hypothesis.
The study's findings allow for a comprehensive picture of family life among older adults, showing that the majority live with their spouses in multi-generational households, although household size tends to decrease after age 60. The majority maintain close, friendly, positive, and harmonious relationships with other family members both before and after age 60. This is evidenced by the high average scores measuring the frequency of "Share your joys, sorrows, and difficulties with your family.", as well as through low averages measuring frequency of "speak harshly to family members."
In family life, most elderly people fulfill their responsibilities well, such as advising and guiding their children and grandchildren, mediating family conflicts, and making major decisions for the family. As a result, they receive high respect from their families.
Analysis from the perspectives of gender, health, and social welfare benefits contributed to the creation of diverse social profiles within families among different groups of elderly people. Accordingly, elderly men with good health and social welfare benefits face a lower risk of loneliness within their families, but they also have a lower ability to maintain friendly and positive relationships with other family members. The research results show that elderly men with good health and social welfare benefits are more active in fulfilling the responsibilities of "advising and guiding" their children and grandchildren, mediating family conflicts, and making major decisions at home. As a result, they receive a higher level of respect from their families and, overall, have a higher level of satisfaction with that respect.
Similarly, through community life, the thesis has clearly outlined a part of the social portrait of the elderly in Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi. The research results reflect that the elderly here always know how to maintain good social relationships with close friends, relatives, and neighbors both before and after the age of 60. This is shown in the high frequency of visits to each other's homes, the above-average level of sharing personal matters, and the low level of social conflict.
Throughout their participation in social activities, NCT members consistently fulfill their social responsibilities towards the aforementioned social groups, such as assisting them in resolving family conflicts and supporting them in overcoming difficulties. As a result, NCT members receive high respect from these social groups.
Similarly, analysis from the perspectives of gender, health, and social welfare benefits has contributed to the creation of many different social portraits among groups of the elderly. Accordingly, male elderly people consistently have a richer social image than female elderly people. Likewise, those with good health before age 60 and those with normal or poor health after age 60 also have more positive social portraits.
Elderly people who receive social welfare benefits seem to participate more limitedly in social activities compared to those who do not, but they consistently receive a higher level of social respect. This result appears to stem from economic factors, as those who receive social welfare benefits have a higher average monthly income. According to various studies, economic status determines social status, thus their opinions are heard more often, meaning they are respected to a greater extent.
To study the employment situation of older adults, this thesis summarizes and analyzes the work motivations and retirement needs of this population group according to economic, personal, and social factors. The research findings show that before the age of 60, economic factors are the basic driving force behind older adults' participation in the labor market, but after the age of 60, personal and social factors become strong motivating forces.
Although economics is the most fundamental factor motivating older adults to participate in productive activities before age 60, it is not the most fundamental factor influencing their retirement needs. Instead, personal and social factors continue to strongly influence the retirement decisions of this population group.
Gender, health, and social welfare status are factors influencing the participation of the elderly in the labor market. However, this influence is not uniform, although in many cases the information obtained does not allow the thesis to draw statistically significant conclusions (P > 0.1).
During their participation in the labor market, older adults work in various occupations, with business and services being the most attractive sector for older adults after age 60. Similarly, households are the primary source of employment for older adults. However, the majority of older adults do not have formal employment contracts after age 60. The changes in employment sectors, specific jobs, job positions, and work locations of older adults from before to after age 60 are consistent with the socio-economic changes in Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi, under the impact of urbanization and the conversion of land from agriculture to industry and services. The study's findings also indicate a different correlation between gender, health, and social conditions, as these factors create both stability and heterogeneous changes in the occupations of older adults before and after age 60.
The study's findings also indicate that the work intensity of older adults is high when considering the average number of working days per week and the average number of working hours per day. Comparative results show that the average income from work of older adults decreases after age 60. However, income and the rate of average income decline vary according to gender, health, and social welfare status. In particular, female older adults, those with poor health, and those without social welfare benefits generally have lower average incomes and experience faster income declines. Nevertheless, during their participation in the labor market, older adults have a positive view of their work, working hours, and income. This assessment suggests a high level of job satisfaction among older adults.
Recommendation
To contribute to improving the quality of life for the elderly, this thesis proposes several measures applicable to the State, local authorities, households, and the elderly themselves.
For the State
In the context of international integration, inclusive growth, and sustainable development, the social welfare system for the elderly needs to be continuously supplemented and improved to maximize their status, role, and immense potential, contributing to promoting sustainable economic growth and social development. Social welfare for the elderly should be integrated into the development and implementation of other relevant policies and laws. A shift in mindset is needed.NCT needs rest."by thinking"NCT needs to develop its capabilities."...considering the elderly as a valuable resource contributing significantly to the socio-economic development of the country in the context of the current rapid population aging."
The study aims to develop policies to meet the employment needs of the elderly based on amendments and additions to the Employment Law, the Law on the Elderly, and related laws concerning the elderly who are still capable of working, especially those aged 60-70, in order to address the imbalance between labor supply and demand and minimize disparities and conflicts between generations.
Research should focus on developing policies to support counseling, training, and creating opportunities for older workers to transition to age-appropriate occupations. It should also develop age-appropriate economic activities for older people, particularly household-level business and service activities suitable for older women.
It is necessary to develop and refine a labor market development strategy for the elderly to attract this social workforce without reducing job opportunities for young people. Simultaneously, it is necessary to continue establishing and improving mechanisms to promote the development of the formal sector's job market to gradually attract the elderly workforce from the informal sector. Furthermore, it is crucial to continue researching and implementing a comprehensive set of policies to promote economic development alongside social policies for the elderly to ensure employment and improve income for this population group.
It is necessary to flexibly implement various forms of mobilization, encouraging the elderly to continue working while their health still permits, and to educate and explain to them that this gives them the opportunity to continue interacting with society, continue to experience a meaningful life, make the most of their lives, avoid dependence and creating a burden for their children/grandchildren, and eliminate the risk of facing loneliness and depression in old age.
The research aims to universalize social welfare/pension schemes for the elderly, ensuring that every person aged 60 and above receives at least one type of benefit. It also seeks to improve social policies for the elderly in special circumstances to alleviate the pressure of seeking employment stemming from economic hardship.
Continue to commend exemplary elderly people for maintaining a cultured family life and for their positive contributions to the development of respectful and proper behavior within the family. Simultaneously, create opportunities and encourage elderly people to fully participate in community and social activities to expand their social relationships, and to effectively utilize their life experiences, knowledge, and noble values. Strengthen the operational capacity of the established system of Elderly Associations at the central, provincial, district, commune, and village levels in mobilizing the participation of elderly people in community activities.
It is necessary to continue supporting, facilitating, and strengthening the role of political and social organizations for the elderly to leverage their advantages in attracting the elderly to participate in activities protecting their personal rights and interests, community assistance activities, and local cultural, social, and spiritual activities. At the same time, more frequent activities are needed to promote and mobilize the elderly to participate in social organizations to maximize their advantages in developing their cultural, social, and spiritual lives in a positive direction. Furthermore, continued attention should be paid to commending districts/counties and communes/wards that perform well in social work with the elderly.
For the Nam Tu Liem District Government, Hanoi City
Continue implementing measures to support local economic development, attract and encourage the establishment of new production and business establishments, prioritizing support for households to expand economic activities and create suitable jobs for the elderly. Fully implement measures to support production and business development, provide assistance with production means, technology transfer, product consumption, and loans for production development for the elderly in accordance with policies and laws.
Seriously and regularly carry out propaganda work on the viewpoints, guidelines, and policies of the Party and State related to the elderly to raise awareness and responsibility of society and households in caring for and developing the capabilities of the elderly. At the same time, continue to implement measures to promote and highlight exemplary elderly people in labor, production, and participation in social activities, thereby increasing the level of respect society has for them.
Creating conditions for the elderly to continue contributing, imparting cultural, social, scientific and technological knowledge, and professional skills to the younger generation, encouraging and motivating them to assume exemplary leading roles and serve as the core in local social movements. Organizing activities to gather opinions, aspirations, and suggestions from the elderly to public agencies and organizations, encouraging and supporting their participation in community development initiatives.
Further research is needed to develop appropriate lifestyles and cultural environments for the elderly within families and in public places. Regular cultural, social, spiritual, and physical activities, as well as recreational activities suitable for the elderly, should be organized. Support should also be provided to encourage the elderly to actively participate in cultural and sports activities to improve their mental health and strengthen their connections with the community and society.
For households in Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi city
We need to continue supporting the older generation's need to participate in the labor market, considering it one of the solid foundations that helps them have an active, sociable, and healthy life in old age.
Encourage older adults to visit close friends, relatives, and neighbors, and actively participate in social activities to maintain a happy and healthy mental life.
It is necessary to respect the way of thinking, doing, lifestyle, and daily habits of the elderly by putting ourselves in their shoes to consider, think, and act.
For NCT itself in Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi city
Continue participating in labor union activities while you still have the capacity to work, in order to continue contributing to social development and to pass on and enhance the spirit of enthusiastic work to future generations.
Actively participate in maintaining a cultured family lifestyle, in social activities, and in creating and promoting a helpful, joyful, friendly, and harmonious atmosphere with other family members and in the community.
REFERENCES
Author:ussh
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