VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
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Nguyen Thai Giao Thuy
VIETNAM'S CULTURAL DIPLOMACY
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOFT POWER
(2001-2016)
Major: International Relations
Code: 62 31 02 06
ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Hanoi - 2019
The project was completed at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University, Hanoi.
Scientific supervisor:Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tran Nam Tien
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The dissertation will be defended before the Doctoral Dissertation Examination Committee meeting at………………………………………………………….
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The thesis can be found at:
National Library of Vietnam.
Information and Library Center, Vietnam National University, Hanoi.
INTRODUCTION
Reasons for choosing the topic
In today's era, cultural diplomacy plays a crucial role and holds immense significance for the sustainable development of society. Culture is increasingly demonstrating itself as the most important driving force, a soft power for long-term development, for humanistic goals, for people's authentic lives, and in relations between nations. Indeed, cultural diplomacy has created a foundation of trust between nations, enabling political, economic, and military planners to seek consensus and cooperation.
In practice, cultural exchange has increasingly developed since the end of the Cold War and has become a bridge connecting nations, playing a very important role in reconciling peoples, pushing back ethnic and religious conflicts and wars; at the same time, it promotes countries to strengthen solidarity, friendship, mutual understanding, cooperation and development.
Therefore, promoting cultural diplomacy is a golden opportunity for Vietnam to learn many good things, absorb many positive aspects, and select the cultural essence of nations and peoples around the world to enrich and diversify Vietnamese cultural identity. On the other hand, effectively carrying out cultural diplomacy also creates a catalyst to continuously promote political and economic diplomacy, aiming to strongly promote Vietnamese culture, especially the cultural heritage values of our nation, to international friends.
Although cultural diplomacy is still relatively new in Vietnam, its importance is receiving considerable attention from countries, including ours. Therefore, this research topic is of great interest to many nations.Vietnam's cultural diplomacy viewed from the perspective of soft power (2001-2016)This is necessary for a doctoral dissertation in International Relations.
2. Research Objectives and Tasks
2.1. Research Objectives
- A comprehensive study of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy (2001-2016) from a different perspective: the soft power aspect of cultural diplomacy in Vietnam's foreign policy.
- A study of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy implementation process (2001-2016) from the perspective of soft power.
- Research on factors influencing Vietnam's cultural diplomacy (2001-2016).
- Propose solutions to enhance the effectiveness of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy with other countries in the future.
2.2. Research Objectives
- Researching the main directions of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy from 2001-2016 to enhance Vietnam's influence and integration process with other countries.
- Assess the advantages and disadvantages arising from the influence of countries in the region and the world on Vietnam's cultural diplomacy.
- Propose recommendations and forecast the future prospects of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy.
2.3. Research Questions
With the topicVietnamese cultural diplomacy viewed from the perspective of soft power (2001-2016)The author identifies the research question as follows:
What is Vietnam's perspective on using cultural diplomacy to enhance its soft power in international relations?
To support the research question, the thesis will attempt to address the following sub-questions:
Vietnam's policy is to use cultural diplomacy to increase its soft power.
The process of implementing cultural diplomacy to enhance a nation's soft power in the international community.
Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Vietnam's implementation of cultural diplomacy to enhance the country's soft power in international relations.
3. Research Subjects and Scope
3.1. Research Subjects
A Study of Vietnam's Cultural Diplomacy from the Perspective of Soft Power (2001-2016)
3.2. Scope of the study
- SpaceThis study examines the cultural diplomacy practices of several countries located across the Americas (USA) and Southeast Asia (China, South Korea, Japan), aiming to draw lessons for Vietnam on implementing cultural diplomacy to enhance the nation's soft power in international relations.
ButTimeThe author chose the research period for this thesis from 2001-2016 because: Entering 2001, the year marking the beginning of the millennium, the world witnessed the terrorist attacks at the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11th. This event significantly altered the perception of power among nations. Hard power was no longer favored; instead, countries around the world began using cultural diplomacy as a tool of soft power to assert their position and image in the international community. For Vietnam, 2001 was the first year of implementing the Resolution of the 9th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Therefore, this year held great significance, and the Party oriented itself towards continuing its independent, self-reliant, open, multilateral, and diversified foreign policy. And 2016 (the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam) marked the most significant change in Vietnam's efforts to strengthen and promote the power of the entire nation, achieve comprehensive development, maintain a peaceful environment, and enhance its position in international relations.
- Content:Within the framework of this thesis, the author focuses on studying cultural diplomacy as used by various countries, including Vietnam, to enhance soft power in diplomatic activities.
4. Research Methodology
To complete this thesis, the author employed the following approaches:
ButApproaches to the theoretical foundations:Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought, and the Party's guidelines and viewpoints aim to analyze the theories and realities of cultural diplomacy as a form of soft power in international relations.
ButHistorical approach:In this dissertation, the author used this method to examine the evolution of Vietnamese cultural diplomacy from 2001-2016 in the context of international integration.
ButAnalytical-level approach:Based on the levels (individual, domestic, international, and global), cultural diplomacy in international relations during the era of globalization is analyzed.Individual level(Individual level),The author will explore some perspectives of Vietnamese and international leaders on cultural diplomacy as a soft power in the foreign policy of nations. Through this, the author aims to understand the attitudes of countries in the region and the world towards Vietnam's implementation of cultural diplomacy.Domestic level(Domestic level) The author will examine the perceptions aimed at implementing cultural diplomacy at the public diplomacy level.National level(Inter-state level) studies the processes of implementing state-level cultural activities. Based on this, the author will analyze the main directions of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy aimed at increasing its soft power on the international stage. Finally,Global level(Global level): At this level, the author will analyze the current global landscape and how it affects the prospects of Vietnamese cultural diplomacy in international relations in the 21st century.
ButSystems approach:Examining Vietnam's cultural diplomacy within the international system in general and the regional system in particular.
- Interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary approach:Cultural diplomacy studies are used as a form of soft power by major countries and regions to help Vietnam formulate comprehensive policies, strategies, and perspectives in its foreign policy, thereby increasing its soft power with other countries in international relations.
5. Contributions of the thesis
From a scientific perspective:
Contributing to the systematization of the theoretical foundations of cultural diplomacy.
Research on the development of Vietnam's foreign policy.
Researching solutions to improve Vietnam's cultural diplomacy in the future.
From a practical standpoint:
Promoting cultural, economic, and political cooperation between Vietnam and other countries.
Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy stemming from the influence of other countries.
Propose recommendations to promote and enhance the effectiveness of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy in the future.
To provide additional reference material for researchers and policymakers on Vietnamese cultural diplomacy.
Novel contributions of the thesis:
This paper offers a new perspective on Vietnamese cultural diplomacy from the viewpoint of soft power.
Contributing further to the body of documentation on the development of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy from the perspective of soft power.
6. Structure of the topic
Besides the introduction, conclusion, author's research works, and bibliography, the thesis comprises the following four chapters:
Chapter 1:Research Overview
Chapter 2:Cultural Diplomacy - Theoretical Foundations and Practice
Chapter 3:The reality of cultural diplomacy and the issue of increasing Vietnam's soft power (2001-2016)
Chapter 4:Some observations on Vietnamese cultural diplomacy from the perspective of soft power.
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
1.1. The theoretical basis of cultural diplomacy.
Several studies by Vietnamese and international scholars address cultural diplomacy as a form of soft power in international relations. It is not only closely linked to economic development but also involves many other aspects of a country's socio-cultural life. Therefore, studying cultural diplomacy from the perspective of soft power in international relations has helped Vietnam enhance its overall national strength on the international stage.
1.2. On cultural diplomacy in Vietnam's foreign policy
Several domestic studies analyze the formation, development, and evolution of Vietnam's innovative foreign policy. These studies assess outstanding achievements, draw lessons learned, and identify limitations that need to be addressed, aiming to improve foreign policy in general and cultural diplomacy in particular in the future. This is to ensure alignment with the evolving global situation in international relations.
1.3. Regarding the forecast for the future prospects of Vietnamese cultural diplomacy.
The research papers from these groups focus primarily on cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue; analyzing the characteristics, opportunities, and challenges, and forecasting the future development trends of Vietnamese culture in the context of globalization and international integration.
1.4. Cultural diplomacy in the foreign policy of various countries and its impact on Vietnam.
The authors have studied the experiences of several developed countries in cultural diplomacy, drawing lessons for Vietnam and proposing key directions and solutions to promote the development of Vietnam's cultural diplomacy, based on the application of the Party and State's cultural diplomacy viewpoints, guidelines, and policies, as well as the practical experience of foreign relations in our country.
Chapter 2: CULTURAL DIPLOMACY - THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS
2.1. Soft power in international relations in the global erachemistry
2.1.1. The concept of soft power in international relations
Soft power is the power that converges a nation, its level of cultural acceptance, and its level of participation in international organizations. It is the power to make others willingly follow its will, stemming from the attractiveness of its culture and ideology. The ideal outcome of soft power is the appeal of a nation's culture and ideology, rather than its coercive force, which can persuade others to follow it, or to accept the standards of behavior or regime it sets, thus acting according to its ideas. To a very large extent, soft power relies on the persuasive power of information.
2.1.2. Manifestations of soft power in international relations
A nation's soft power in international relations is based on three main resources:culture(at attractions)political value(applicable both domestically and internationally), andforeign policy(when deemed legal and ethical)
2.1.3. The role of soft power in international relations
A nation's soft power is primarily based on three resources:The culture of a nation(when this culture becomes attractive to other countries)Value system(when a nation adheres to these values both domestically and internationally),foreign policy(when these policies are considered reasonable in the eyes of other countries)
2.2. Cultural diplomacy – a tool of soft power in the 21st century
2.2.1. The concept of cultural diplomacy
Cultural diplomacy is considered a term referring to a form of diplomacy in which cultural factors play a leading role. Although diplomacy and culture are two distinct fields, they are closely intertwined, with culture serving as both the foundation, tool, and goal of diplomatic activities. Cultural diplomacy can be understood as the application and promotion of culture to improve diplomatic work, as well as using diplomacy to honor and protect culture. Former President of Romania (1996-2000) Emil Constantinescu analyzed that: “Cultural diplomacy is the totality of activities carried out on the basis of exchanging and interacting values, ideas, traditions, customs, identities, and other forms of culture, with the goal of strengthening relationships, promoting socio-cultural cooperation, or advancing national interests; cultural diplomacy can be implemented by the public sector, the private sector, and civil society.”
2.2.2. The Role of Cultural Diplomacy as a Tool of Soft Power in the 21st Century
political role
For large countries, cultural diplomacy is a way to expand their influence globally. For smaller countries, cultural diplomacy is used to promote their image and enhance their development. Through this, these countries gain more attention and raise their voice on the international stage.
Economic role
Cultural diplomacy has always been highly valued in the foreign policy of developed countries. These countries primarily aim to enhance and promote their national influence internationally, and also pursue economic goals. The foundation of cultural diplomacy in developed countries is not only based on cultural, historical, and traditional values, but also includes modern art forms such as film, fashion, education, attracting investment, tourism, and exploiting cultural industries.
2.2.3. The relationship between cultural diplomacy and soft power
Currently, the trend in international relations is...Dialogue, cooperation, and peaceful coexistence among nations.Cultural diplomacy is currently the dominant trend. Therefore, it is increasingly being implemented as an effective tool to enhance cooperation between nations. The process of globalization also facilitates easier exchange and communication. This is another reason why cultural diplomacy has achieved many successes and received more attention.
In Vietnam, cultural diplomacy, along with economic and political diplomacy, forms the "three pillars" of modern diplomacy, serving as an effective tool for implementing the foreign policy of the Party and the State. Inseparable from economic and political diplomacy, cultural diplomacy has built and promoted Vietnam's image, thereby boosting socio-economic development and enhancing Vietnam's standing in the world.
2.3.1. Applying Ho Chi Minh's thought in implementing cultural diplomacy to increase Vietnam's soft power in the new era.
Applying Ho Chi Minh's ideology to the implementation of cultural diplomacy to enhance Vietnam's soft power in the Party and State's foreign policy at the present stage is truly necessary.
2.3.2. Vietnam's perspective on cultural diplomacy
The Vietnamese Party and State have used cultural diplomacy to achieve their goals and strategies in foreign policy, contributing to a deeper understanding of Vietnam, its people, and its culture among other nations.
Chapter 3: THE CURRENT STATE OF CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND THE ISSUE OF INCREASING VIETNAM'S SOFT POWER (2001-2016)
3.1. Factors Affecting Cultural Diplomacy Vietnam (2001-2016)
3.1.1. International Context
In the early years of the 21st century, the most prominent event with a strong impact on international life was the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001. However, fundamentally, the global landscape in the early years of the 21st century, compared to the late 1990s (20th century), did not undergo any dramatic changes; the trend towards peace, cooperation, and development remains the dominant trend of the present era.
3.1.2. Regional Context
ASEAN has strived to accelerate the process of community building based on three pillars: security, economy, and socio-cultural aspects, strengthening intra-bloc linkages, narrowing the development gap, and further deepening relations with dialogue partners to maintain and enhance its central role in the evolving regional structure. While numerous challenges and obstacles remain, the ASEAN community is always united in its pursuit of shared development.
3.1.3. The situation in Vietnam
Global and regional developments at various levels have a significant impact on diplomacy in general and Vietnamese cultural diplomacy in particular.
In the context of global trends towards peace, cooperation, and development, a more favorable environment has been created for Vietnam to continue effectively implementing its independent, self-reliant, open, diversified, and multilateral foreign policy.
3.2. The policy of using cultural diplomacy to increase Vietnam's soft power.
3.2.1. The role of culture in Vietnam's foreign relations
In the era of globalization, the role of culture in Vietnam's foreign relations is crucial, with the task of protecting national culture while simultaneously expanding international exchanges to keep pace with the times. Actively participating in integration and exchange with other nations is essential to building new values of contemporary Vietnamese culture, transforming Vietnam into a cultural hub for the region and the international community.
3.2.2. Vietnam's policy on using cultural diplomacy to increase soft power.
Cultural diplomacy is one of the three key tasks of Vietnamese diplomacy in the era of integration (including political diplomacy, economic diplomacy, and cultural diplomacy). The main task of cultural diplomacy is to introduce the image of Vietnam, its people, and its culture to the world. Through cultural diplomacy activities, international friends gain a better understanding of Vietnam, its people, and its culture, gradually building trust between both sides and deepening, stabilizing, and sustaining the partnership.
3.3. The process of implementing cultural diplomacy to increase Vietnam's soft power (2001-2016)
3.3.1. Main directions for the implementation of Vietnamese cultural diplomacy
On February 14, 2011, the Prime Minister approved the Decision on the promulgation.Cultural diplomacy strategy to 2020This contributes to strengthening state management of cultural diplomacy. In line with national development requirements and international commitments, Vietnam has perfected a comprehensive system of cultural diplomacy policies within the overall framework of Vietnam's comprehensive diplomacy, integrating cultural diplomacy activities with socio-economic development plans at all levels, sectors, and localities.
3.3.2. The process of implementing state-level cultural diplomacy activities
State diplomacy is the relationship between governments of sovereign states, between the highest-ranking leaders of those states. This is the most common and widespread type of diplomacy in international relations.
3.3.3. The process of implementing cultural diplomacy activities at the public diplomacy level.
People-to-people diplomacy focuses on the ways in which a country, a multilateral organization (such as the United Nations), or a non-governmental organization establishes relationships with non-governmental actors in other countries. These actors can be individuals or mass organizations, or non-governmental organizations.
Chapter 4: SOME REMARKS ON VIETNAMESE CULTURAL DIPLOMACY VIEWED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOFT POWER (2001-2016)
4.1. Comments
4.1.1. Achievements
From a state of being surrounded by embargoes, Vietnam has now established diplomatic relations with 180 countries and has economic, trade, and investment relations with 224 countries and territories. Notably, for the first time in history, Vietnam has friendly and cooperative relations with all major countries and large economic and political centers in the world. Vietnam has created a framework of cooperative and friendly relations with all its neighbors and the region.
4.1.2. Limitations
The shortcomings of cultural diplomacy in Vietnam's foreign policy that need to be addressed quickly include: the policy and management mechanisms have not been fully developed.,Funding for cultural diplomacy is limited, and the quality and effectiveness of cultural diplomacy activities are not yet high.,The promotional efforts are still limited.
4.1.3. Impact
4.1.3.1. ASEAN
Vietnam's top priority upon joining ASEAN was to unite with ASEAN member states to jointly build a peaceful, stable, cooperative, and prosperous Southeast Asia with an increasingly prominent role and position in the international arena. ASEAN member states highly value Vietnam's position and role. This provides favorable conditions for Vietnam to reach an agreement on a partnership framework, but there have also been numerous instances where partner countries proactively proposed establishing a framework with Vietnam.
4.1.3.2. Major Countries
In relations with major countries, our Party and State prioritize expanding economic relations, broadening and diversifying markets, attracting more capital and technology for the cause of industrialization and modernization, and creating intertwined benefits with partners.
4.1.3.3. Other countries
One of Vietnam's very important foreign policy directions is to continue expanding relations with independent nations and developing countries such as India, independent nations in South Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America... these countries have great development potential and are playing an increasingly important role in the international arena.
4.2.Prospects and recommendations
4.2.1. Prospects
After 20 years of reform, Vietnam has accumulated more experience in promoting cultural diplomacy as a soft power in global power dynamics.
The first,The policy of leveraging internal strengths while simultaneously taking advantage of external forces, combined with national strength and the power of the times, is a key element of cultural diplomacy aimed at helping Vietnam reach out to the world during the integration period.
Monday,Raising awareness of the importance of Vietnamese cultural diplomacy in international relations.
Tuesday,Building close relationships with countries that hold a significant position in Vietnam's foreign policy is crucial.
Wednesday,Developing people-to-people diplomacy aims to create a synergistic strength for Vietnam's comprehensive diplomacy.
4.2.2. Recommendations
MFirstly,It is necessary to improve the theoretical framework and raise awareness of cultural diplomacy throughout society, with national interests as the foundation.
Secondly,Strengthen research and forecasting on cultural diplomacy.
Third,Strengthening and improving the effectiveness of operations and forming a network of Vietnamese cultural diplomacy abroad.
Fourth,Promoting the cultural industry and external communication.
Fifthly,Promoting the development of moral character, lifestyle, and respect for the law among Vietnamese people.
Sixth,Emphasis should be placed on training a team of officials working in cultural diplomacy.
Seventh,Closely integrate multilateral cultural diplomacy with bilateral cultural diplomacy.
Eighth,Building and promoting the national brand to foster its strong development.
Nine is,Develop a network of external communications.
Ten is,Improve the effectiveness of organizing cultural events both domestically and internationally.
CONCLUDE
PowerThe value of each nation is determined by many factors, among which the role of culture, one of the tools for expressing a nation's soft power, cannot be overlooked. Entering the 21st century, both large and small nations must utilize cultural diplomacy as an effective tool of soft power to affirm their image in the international community.There have been many studies on the topic of cultural diplomacy, and this thesis is no exception. What the author is most proud of in choosing this topic is...Vietnam's cultural diplomacy viewed from the perspective of soft power (2001-2016)This study is important because it marks a period of profound changes in the world and the region, marked by remarkable advancements in science and technology, globalization, and especially the events of September 11, 2001, which strongly impacted the global landscape and international relations. This led to a multipolar balance of power, increasing traditional and non-traditional security challenges and new global issues. However, the trend towards peace, cooperation, and development remained the common aspiration and interest of all nations. During this period, Vietnam also grasped and utilized these progressive trends to enhance its position through cultural soft power on the international stage. The renewal of foreign policy strategies through the 9th, 10th, and 11th National Congresses of the Communist Party of Vietnam demonstrated Vietnam's recognition of cultural diplomacy as an indispensable pillar in its diplomatic efforts.
Despite being a small country, Vietnam has quickly recognized the important role of cultural diplomacy in its development and international integration. Therefore, the government and policymakers have formulated policies on the implementation and use of cultural diplomacy in dialogue, exchange, and cooperation to enhance the nation's soft power in the international community. As we know, Vietnam is a country with a thousand-year history and culture, characterized by a spirit of harmony, diligence, creativity in nation-building, and courage and determination in national defense. Throughout this long history, Vietnam has early on used cultural diplomacy as a force for reconciliation and has achieved many successes in international relations. Today, Vietnam's cultural diplomacy is identified as one of the three pillars of national diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy activities are being conducted regularly, comprehensively, and with continuous innovation. In the context of globalization, Vietnam has proactively and vigorously implemented cultural diplomacy activities and achieved many important accomplishments. Among the country's overall achievements in the process of reform and international integration, cultural diplomacy activities—political, economic, public, and people-to-people diplomacy—have made significant contributions to maintaining a peaceful and stable environment; firmly protecting national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national interests; and leveraging favorable conditions of international integration and external resources to serve the overall development of the country and national culture.
In reality, cultural diplomacy has played a crucial role in Vietnam's convincing and effective diplomatic mission. Cultural diplomacy activities have been implemented at various levels, sectors, and aspects, from the foreign affairs activities of the Party and State to the foreign affairs activities of the people. Along with political and economic diplomacy, cultural diplomacy has actively promoted Vietnam's image, enhanced its international standing and prestige, and made practical contributions to national defense, construction, and economic development. It can be seen that in bilateral relations during this period, Vietnam established many strategic and comprehensive partnership frameworks. Joining the World Trade Organization in 2006 marked a strong integration of Vietnam into the global economy. In multilateral relations, at this time, Vietnam was a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2008-2009 term. In addition to holding many important leadership positions in international organizations such as Chairman of the ASEAN Standing Committee (ASC) for the 2000-2001 term, Executive Director of the APEC Secretariat for the 2005-2006 term, Chairman of ASEAN in 2010, and Secretary-General of ASEAN for the 2013-2017 term…
Alongside the aforementioned advantages, it is impossible to ignore the difficulties Vietnam has faced in implementing cultural diplomacy in recent years. The biggest challenge is the uneven understanding of the importance of cultural diplomacy across ministries, sectors, and localities, resulting in inconsistent implementation of the Cultural Diplomacy Strategy. Secondly, the division of labor and coordination among relevant agencies sometimes overlaps and lacks the necessary synergy and effectiveness to create a truly impactful and effective outcome. Thirdly, the limited resources allocated to cultural diplomacy make it difficult to organize truly significant activities that leave a lasting impact and create a positive effect on the international stage.
With the promulgation of the Cultural Diplomacy Strategy to 2020, issued under Decision No. 208/QD-TTg dated February 14, 2011, by the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, in the coming period, cultural factors and cultural diplomacy will play a crucial role in enabling Vietnam to fulfill its diplomatic tasks in a humane, persuasive, and effective manner. Implemented at many levels, sectors, fields, and aspects, from the foreign affairs activities of the Party and State to the foreign affairs activities of the people, along with political and economic diplomacy, cultural diplomacy has actively promoted the image of Vietnam, enhanced the country's international standing and prestige, and made a practical contribution to the protection, construction, and economic development of the nation.
LIST OF WORKS BY THE AUTHOR
Nguyen Thai Giao Thuy (2019), “The role of national soft power in current international relations and its impact on Vietnam”.Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Science Journal16(5), pp.165-172.
Nguyen Thai Giao Thuy (2019), “The correlation of cultural diplomacy and soft power in international relations in the 21st century”.Journal of Indian and Asian Studies,No. 6 (79), June 2019, pp. 39-44.
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