Summary of PhD thesis: Nguyen Phuong Le

HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

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NGUYEN PHUONG LE

 

 

 

VIETNAM – LAOS COOPERATION

IN THE FIELD OF STAFF TRAINING (2001-2015)

 

 

Major: International Relations

Code: 62 31 02 06

 

 

 

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

 

 

 

 

Hanoi - 2020

 

 

Project completed at:

University of Social Sciences and Humanities

Vietnam National University, Hanoi

 

 

 

Scientific supervisor: Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Duy Dung

 

 

 

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The thesis will be defended before the ………… Council of Doctoral Thesis Evaluation meeting at: University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi at .…… o'clock…... on….. month…..year 2020.

 

 

Thesis can be found at:

- National Library of Vietnam

- Information Center - Library, Vietnam National University, Hanoi

 

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS

OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS

1. Nguyen Phuong Le (2012), "Training Lao cadres in Vietnam at present",Journal of Theoretical Education, No. 4, pp.65-68.
2. Nguyen Phuong Le (2018), 'Looking back at 50 years of Vietnam - Laos cooperation in the field of training and fostering officials (1958 - 2018)'Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,No. 3, pp. 53-59.
3. Nguyen Phuong Le (2019), “Cooperation in training cadres between Vietnam and Laos: Achievements and issues”.Journal of Southeast Asian StudiesNo. 5, pp. 64-70.

 

INTRODUCTION

1. Reason for choosing the topic

The Vietnam-Laos relationship is a neighborly, friendly and traditional relationship, linked by natural geographical conditions as well as through the historical development stages of the two nations. The traditional friendship between Vietnam and Laos, founded by President Ho Chi Minh and President Kaysone Phomvihane, and nurtured by the Parties, Governments and peoples of the two countries, has continuously blossomed and borne fruit. Since the establishment of the Indochinese Communist Party, leading the revolutionary cause of the two countries, Vietnam and Laos have built up solidarity in combat and a special friendship. Currently, the relationship between Vietnam and Laos has always been consolidated and nurtured, increasingly developing deeply and extensively in all fields, from politics, economics, foreign affairs, national security and defense, health, culture, science and technology, training and human resource development.

Training human resources for Laos is a traditional and long-standing cooperation field between the two countries. Cooperation in training and fostering cadres between the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) has important strategic significance for the victory in each historical period of the two countries' revolutions, contributing to preserving, consolidating, cultivating and deepening the special friendship, solidarity and comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and Laos.

The specificity of cooperation in training and fostering cadres, especially for leaders and managers, is the cooperative activity connecting leaders and managers with the politics, ideology, culture, society... of the two nations, thereby expanding and influencing the thoughts and feelings of the people of the two countries, having value spreading to bilateral cooperation relations in many fields such as economy, culture, society. This prioritized political task originates from the long-term national and ethnic interests of the two countries.

Vietnam - Laos cooperation in training and fostering experienced, high-quality cadres for the Lao Party and State is very necessary. In the context of globalization, international integration and the 4.0 revolution taking place strongly... Laos, like many other countries, needs a team of cadres with capacity, experience, and diverse expertise... to meet the requirements in both quantity and quality, from the central and local levels. Compared to Laos, in this field, Vietnam has strengths and training experience to help Laos. Moreover, developing good cooperation in cadre training brings benefits to both sides, including in the past, present and in the future.

The two sides continue to have high consensus on supporting education in general, and cadre training in particular, for the goal of peace, cooperation and development. With the guiding ideology that helping the people of Laos is helping themselves, and helping train cadres is the most basic step for the Lao revolution, Vietnam is always ready to meet the requirements of training cadres for Laos. In fact, the Lao cadres trained in Vietnam over the years, currently holding many important positions in the political system and economic establishments of Laos... have promoted their capacity, building the Lao PDR to become more and more progressive and stronger, contributing to preserving and developing the Laos-Vietnam relationship.

In recent times, although this field has achieved many great results, it has also revealed limitations that need to be analyzed to clarify the causes and find solutions to improve the effectiveness of cooperation in the future. Most of the key leaders of the two Parties and States, especially on the Lao side, belong to the generation born and raised during the war, many of whom have experienced the period of national liberation struggle, and all understand how vital the solidarity between Vietnam - Laos and Laos - Vietnam is to the revolutionary cause of the two countries. The reality is that: This generation of leaders of the two countries in the future will no longer hold key leadership positions. Replacing them are younger leaders, born in peacetime, with university or postgraduate training in many countries such as the US, China, Western Europe, Japan, South Korea, Australia, with open political thinking, a broad view of economic issues and international relations... How will that affect the Vietnam - Laos relationship?

In the current trend of cooperation, major countries and developed countries are increasingly strengthening cooperation with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, especially the countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion, contributing to creating a new face for the region. From a relatively isolated country due to its lack of land, Laos has gradually become a transit point and an important stepping stone for mainland Southeast Asia, where major countries and neighboring countries (including China) are seeking ways to increase their political and economic influence, especially in the field of education and training, in order to implement their long-term development strategies. This puts the special relationship between Vietnam and Laos, Laos and Vietnam in front of enormous challenges.

In the new context of the international, regional and Vietnam-Laos relations, there are many changes. It is necessary to promptly adjust all areas of cooperation, especially the training of cadres for Laos, and requires more serious and comprehensive research.

Although in Vietnam there have been many works on Vietnam-Laos relations in general and cooperation in training cadres in particular, there has not been any work that conducts in-depth and comprehensive research on this issue from the perspective of international relations. Based on the above reasons, I have chosen the content“Vietnam-Laos cooperation in the field of staff training (2001-2015)”PhD thesis, major in international relations.

2. Research purpose and tasks

2.1. Purpose

The thesis analyzes and clarifies the theoretical basis and current status of Vietnam - Laos cooperation in the field of staff training (2001-2015), thereby drawing out comments, evaluating, proposing solutions and recommendations for developing this field of cooperation in the coming time.

2.2. Tasks

- Research on the theoretical and practical basis of cooperation in training cadres between Vietnam and Laos.

- Analyze the current situation and evaluate the results of the cooperation process with the main achievements and limitations in the cooperation in training Vietnamese and Lao officials from 2001 to 2015.

- Propose solutions and recommendations to improve the effectiveness of cooperation in training cadres, especially leaders and managers for the Lao PDR, a factor contributing to ensuring that the special friendship and comprehensive cooperation between the two countries continue to develop sustainably in the coming time.

3. Research object and scope

3.1. Research subjects

Vietnam - Laos cooperation in the field of cadre training, specifically Vietnam training cadres to help Laos (2001-2015), especially training leaders and managers...

3.2. Scope of research

About space: Focus on practical research at party agencies, central and local departments, ministries and branches; socio-political organizations, and other educational institutions of Vietnam that have been cooperating in training cadres for Laos.

About time: From 2001 to 2015, this is the period when the Governments of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Lao PDR completed the implementation of the 10-year Long-term Cooperation Strategy Agreement, phase (2001-2010), the 5-year Medium-term Cooperation Agreement, phases (2001-2005), (2005-2010) and (2010-2015) signed.

About content:The thesis studies the cooperative relationship in the field of cadre training, specifically Vietnam helping to train leaders, managers at all levels, political cadres... for the Lao Party and State.

4.Theoretical basis, research methods and sources of documents

4.1. Theoretical basis

The thesis approaches from the perspective of international relations with basic theories (Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Marxism-Leninism), and at the same time is based on the methodology of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh thought, Kaysone Phomvihane thought, viewpoints, guidelines, foreign policies, and guidelines of the two Parties and States on developing the special traditional friendship between Vietnam and Laos in general, and the field of cooperation in training cadres in particular in the process of building and defending the country.

4.2. Research methods

Common research methods in the social sciences:Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, evaluation, logic, political science...

The pSpecific methods in international relations research: The analytical method is based on levels (individual, national, inter-national and global levels), historical methods, policy analysis, content analysis through observation, document research, applying theories on international relations (cooperation and integration, perspectives on balance of power, soft power, subjects and interests of cooperation in international relations...) to analyze and evaluate the problem.

4.3. Sources of documents

The thesis refers to and uses the following original sources and monographs:

Party documents include Resolutions of the National Party Congress, Directives, Resolutions of the Central Executive Committee, Politburo, Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). Agreements signed between the two Governments, Inter-ministerial Circulars, Protocols of departments, ministries, branches, etc.

Official documents of Party committees, local organizations, ministries, training institutions of Vietnam and Laos (documents, summary reports, statistics...). In addition, the thesis refers to documents and data from the Vietnamese Embassy in Laos, the Lao Embassy in Hanoi and reports of international organizations... Scientific conference papers, articles published in domestic and international newspapers and magazines, speeches and articles of leaders and former leaders of the Party and State of Vietnam and Laos and PhD theses of Vietnamese and Lao students... on the relationship between the two countries in general and in the field of education and training in particular are also valuable reference materials for the thesis.

5. Contribution of the thesis

- The thesis is the first research work approaching from the perspective of international relations with the application of basic theories to clarify Vietnam - Laos cooperation in the field of staff training (2001-2015), thereby helping to understand the relationship between the two countries in recent times.

- Through analyzing the current status of cooperation between Vietnam and Laos in training cadres, the thesis provides an assessment of achievements and limitations to more clearly identify this important field of cooperation.

- From the practice of cooperation in training cadres in the period 2001-2015, the thesis suggests solutions to strengthen cooperation in the coming time.

- The thesis is a necessary reference document for teaching, research, and for agencies of the two countries in cooperation in training cadres, contributing to strengthening the special friendship between Vietnam and Laos.

6. Thesis layout

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendices, the thesis consists of 04 chapters with the following structure:Cscent 1: Overview of research situation;Chapter 2Theoretical and practical basis for cooperation in training cadres between Vietnam and Laos;Chapter 3: Current status of Vietnam - Laos cooperation in the field of staff training (2001-2015);Chapter 4: Orientation of solutions to strengthen Vietnam-Laos cooperation in the field of staff training.

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION

1.1. Research works related to the thesis

1.1.1. Research works on Laos and Vietnam - Laos relations

1.1.1.1.Research works on Laos

There are quite a few published research works on Laos by various authors.[1]Through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research methods, and approaches to different fields, many works help readers obtain information about the Lao PDR such as achievements in reform and opening up in Laos, Laos' foreign policy, Laos' geostrategic position in regional and international connectivity, and better understand Laos in its relations with major countries, ASEAN and neighboring countries.

1.1.1.2. Research works on Vietnam - Laos bilateral relations

Works, topics, theses, research journals of many authors and scientists at home and abroad.[2]With different levels, approaches and research methods, many works have contributed to preserving historical values, nurturing the special relationship and comprehensive cooperation between the two countries.

1.1.1.3. Research works on multilateral relations including Vietnam - Laos cooperation

Research on multilateral relations, including Vietnam-Laos cooperation, is mainly approached in an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary manner in social sciences. The works examine and analyze both multilateral and regional levels, emphasizing the need for sub-regional cooperation and strengthening connectivity within the ASEAN bloc. Strengthening connectivity within the bloc and with the outside world is an extremely necessary task, especially for Vietnam and Laos.

1.1.2.Research projects related to cooperation in training staff

1.1.2.1.Vietnamese Author:

Nguyen Si Tuan (2004), Nguyen Thi Phuong Nam (2005), Pham Van Vang editor-in-chief (2009), Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration (2009), Tran Quang Quy (2012), Le Quang Manh (2017)...;

1.1.2.2.Foreign authors:

Nich Kham (2003), Bulma Ketkesone (2003), Khamphan Vongphachan (2009), Touxiong Bouasytongsue (2013) Mentioning Vietnam - Laos cooperation in the field of training, there are also a number of articles in several magazines and other published works.

1.2. Comments and evaluation of the research situation and issues related to the thesis

1.2.1. Results achieved

The first, affirming that the origin of the Vietnam - Laos bilateral cooperation was born from the special wartime political cooperation between the two countries, which is different from the cooperation with other countries in the region and the world. Strengthening and developing this strategic relationship is always the common cause of the two Parties, two States and peoples of the two countries.

MondayThe role of President Ho Chi Minh, Kaysone Phomvihane and the leaders of the two Parties and two States is clearly reflected in the process of building the solidarity and friendship between Vietnam and Laos.

TuesdayVietnam and Laos are two neighboring countries with extremely close relations, a solid support for each other when both countries carry out the process of innovation, opening up and integration. Vietnam-Laos cooperation in general, and in the field of cadre training in particular, has achieved outstanding achievements, but in the new context, which is complicated and unpredictable, new challenges are being posed, requiring adjustments and implementation of solutions to continue to enhance the effectiveness of cooperation, especially in cadre training.

Wednesday, educational and training cooperation with countries in the region is in line with the general trend, creating advantages for countries to promote internal strength, strengthen dialogue, and promote bilateral cooperation in all fields, bringing great benefits in politics, economy, culture, education, in line with the foreign policy of multilateralization and diversification of international relations.

1.3. NThesis issues that need further clarification

Research issuesnot clear:

The first, there has not been any work approaching from the perspective of international relations to conduct in-depth, comprehensive, profound and updated research, directly addressing the cooperation in training cadres between the two countries at the national and international levels over a long period of time (2001-2015). This is truly a gap in the research on the special relationship between Vietnam and Laos in general, and the field of cadre training in particular.

Monday, cooperation in training cadres is an urgent and important task in the relationship between Vietnam and Laos. However, research on this field of cooperation is actually only mentioned in some journal articles, seminars or theses, and is still very scattered and sketchy, only partly outlining the necessity in educational cooperation and human resource development, especially in the period 2001-2015.

On the basis of selective inheritance of related research results, the thesis attempts tofocus on clarifyingand solve thosemissionafter:

One is: Continue to affirm the significance and importance of cooperation in training cadres to help Laos, an important strategic political task, contributing to fostering the special traditional friendship and comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and Laos.

Two is: Analyze more fully and deeply the practical cooperation between the two countries in training and fostering cadres for the Lao Party and State, from departments, ministries, branches, at the system of central mass schools and training facilities, friendship schools, the system of Party schools, provinces, cities and localities from 2001-2015.

Three is: Comment, evaluate, detect objective issues, propose synchronous and comprehensive solutions for relevant parties to overcome existing limitations, improve quality and effectiveness in cooperation in training and fostering Lao cadres in the coming time.

CFRAGRANCE 2: THEORETICAL BASISAND PRACTICE ON COOPERATION IN TRAINING STAFF BETWEEN VIETNAM - LAOS

2.1. Theoretical basis

2.1.1. International relations theories related to the topic

2.1.1.1.Realism

According to the interpretation of Realism, educational training cooperation helps countries form alliances, create soft power, add strength and power in negotiations, in order to achieve goals in international relations. Vietnam and Laos are two subjects in international relations, two neighboring countries with a special and close relationship throughout history. Cooperation in training cadres between the two countries is an act of voluntary cooperation at the national level between the two governments, to maintain security and politics, continue to build trust, create important combined strength against the plot of peaceful evolution and the effects of competing for influence from neighboring countries and the West in Laos. Cooperation in training cadres contributes to consolidating the integration process and sustainable development of each country, enhancing the connection and deep understanding between the two Parties, two States and people of the two countries.

2.1.1.2.Liberalism

Under the Liberalism lens, countries are more concerned with long-term interests, cooperating to maximize benefits. Vietnam and Laos are two independent and autonomous countries. Throughout history, the Vietnam - Laos relationship has become closely linked for the vital interests of the two countries. Training cadres to help Laos is a traditional and long-term cooperation area between the two countries. Although each country has its own foreign policy in the future, more than anyone else, the two countries always recognize common interests to continue sharing and cooperating together. In the integration process, although the foreign policies of the two countries have changed to suit the regional context and the reality of each country, although the leaders of the two countries have changed over time, the friendly and cooperative relationship between Vietnam and Laos has always been focused on, to protect sovereignty and interests, as well as ensure the long-term existence of the two countries. Cooperation in training cadres helps Laos contribute to ensuring benefits, spreading, creating soft power that harmoniously impacts other areas of cooperation... for the common benefit as well as for each side, contributing to developing sustainable relations, fostering peace, stability and security in the region in general and neighboring countries in particular.

2.1.1.3. Constructivism

According to the above viewpoint of Constructivism, the Vietnam - Laos relationship is a special relationship, with extremely close cooperation activities, for strategic purposes, surpassing normal partnerships towards common strategic goals. This relationship is essentially built in the historical process, the close connection in the destiny of the two nations, the past national unification and the current prosperous development; built in the awareness and leadership viewpoint of the two Parties, the two States and the two peoples... creating a common consensus for the development goals of the two countries and two nations.

From the perspective of Constructivism, Vietnam - Laos cooperation in the field of cadre training emphasizes people, focuses on training a class with awareness and voice in society, helping the two countries increase mutual understanding, for the development of each country as well as the stability and peace of the region and the world. Through the historical process, the trained cadres will have a close relationship with Vietnam, and will be a strong bridge connecting the relationship of comrades, neighbors and brothers. According to Constructivism, cooperation in training Lao cadres contributes to forming common values, standards and identities between the two countries, the special relationship between Vietnam and Laos with the same origin will increasingly develop well and bear fruit.

2.1.1.4Marxism-Leninism

Marxism-Leninism is the theoretical basis for the need to strengthen solidarity, voluntary mutual assistance, and cooperation in the spirit of brotherhood and comradeship between Vietnam and Laos. Cooperation between the two countries in the field of cadre training demonstrates the close solidarity and mutual assistance in the spirit of proletarian internationalism. This is also a creative application of Marxism-Leninism, contributing significantly to stabilizing and maintaining security and politics, protecting national independence and sovereignty, building a peaceful international environment, cooperation, development, and mutual trust; creating important external resources to promote industrialization and modernization of each country.

2.1.2. Concepts related to cooperation in training cadres for Laos

2.1.2.1. ConceptCMinistry of Justice

The thesis presents the concept of cadres of the classics Karl Marx, Engels, Lenin, President Ho Chi Minh, President Kaysone Phomvihane, from the concept of Lao cadres appearing in the liberated areas of the Lao Patriotic Front, to the concept of cadres today as well as in the training cooperation relationship between Vietnam and Laos, creating consistency in the role of cadres and the importance of cadre training cooperation in each specific historical context.

The term “cadre” mentioned in the thesis is now understood as synonymous with civil servants and authorities. These are people who are selected, appointed or assigned regular tasks in ministries, central and local agencies or in representative agencies of the Lao PDR abroad, receive salaries and allowances from the State budget, are sent to colleges, universities, Master’s (MSc) and PhD training programs; receive short-term advanced training... at educational institutions in the Vietnamese national education system. The thesis also clarifies the subjects of cadres under the Agreement, those outside the Agreement, those who are self-funded, those who receive full and partial scholarships...

2.1.2.2. ConceptCooperation in international relations

“International cooperation is the peaceful coordination between subjects of international relations to achieve common goals.” [173, p.14]. International solidarity for peace, cooperation and development is an important feature in Ho Chi Minh's thought. After the country was unified and declared independence and sovereignty, in the Appeal to the United Nations, Ho Chi Minh clearly stated the foreign policy of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (December 1946): “For democratic countries, Vietnam is ready to implement an open-door policy and cooperation in all fields.” [165, p. 470].

2.2.Practical basis   

2.2.1.TheFactors creating cooperation in training staffbetweenVietnam - Laos

2.2.1.1.Factors that create Vietnam - Laos relationship

The special traditional solidarity between Vietnam and Laos originates from the geostrategic, geohistorical, geopolitical, geocultural and geoeconomic factors of the two countries. Fully recognizing the position and role of the factors, cooperating in training cadres, and increasing the internal strength of each country are issues of great strategic significance. Focusing on cooperation in training cadres for the Lao Party and State, actively promoting the advantages of the factors, enhancing information exchange, and supporting each other in resolving international and regional issues are solutions to continue to maintain, consolidate and foster the special relationship to develop more and more.

2.2.1.2.President Ho Chi Minh, the founder of the special Vietnam-Laos relationship and the training of Lao cadres

Nguyen Ai Quoc was the one who laid the foundation for the Vietnam-Laos relationship to change from a traditional relationship to a special relationship. He proactively founded the Communist Party of Vietnam, the predecessor of the Indochinese Communist Party, and led the Indochinese revolution to liberate the nation. The declaration of independence and the establishment of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945, and the Government of Laos Itxala (Free Laos) on October 12, 1945 were the first miracles in the special relationship between Vietnam and Laos.

Nguyen Ai Quoc - Ho Chi Minh paid great attention to the work of training and fostering Party cadres. He also opened training courses for cadres in Guangzhou (China), and sent Lao cadres to study at the Communist International's Oriental University in the Soviet Union. In mid-1948, President Ho Chi Minh assigned comrade Vo Nguyen Giap to meet comrade Kaysone Phomvihane to share experiences in training cadres, mobilizing the masses, and building political bases [103, p. 341]. During the two resistance wars against France and the US, President Ho Chi Minh always paid attention to building the strength of the Lao revolution. He also regularly met and worked directly with Lao revolutionary leaders (such as Souphanouvong, Kaysone Phomvihane...) to carry out the task of training cadres and building revolutionary bases.

2.2.1.3.Vietnam-Laos foreign policy on bilateral relations

The relationship between Vietnam and Laos is a special traditional friendship and solidarity, spanning the history of the struggle for national independence in the past as well as in the construction and protection of the Socialist Fatherland today. Strengthening Vietnam-Laos cooperation is the inherent need and voluntary spirit of the two peoples, cooperating to develop the country. The leaders of the two Parties and States of Vietnam and Laos always affirm their determination to continue to preserve, protect and develop the friendship, special solidarity and comprehensive cooperation between the two Parties, the two States and the two peoples. That further demonstrates the consistent and long-term viewpoint of the two Parties as well as in the Party documents through the Congresses up to now, and most recently the Documents of the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Documents of the 10th Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party.

In the 21st century, the world continues to witness many complex and unpredictable changes. Globalization continues to develop deeply and impact all countries. Peace, cooperation and development are still the main trends, and Vietnam and Laos are no exception. As members of ASEAN, the two countries are proactively and actively integrating internationally, cooperating well on regional issues, promoting bilateral cooperation within the framework of ASEAN, at international forums such as ASEAN +3, AIPA, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the East-West Economic Corridor, the Vietnam-Laos-Cambodia Development Triangle, the Mekong Sub-region... Although the world situation has changed, the foreign policies of the two Parties and the two States of Vietnam and Laos have always been consistent. The two countries continue to stand side by side, together cultivating and developing the relationship of friendship and solidarity to a new level, in all fields, Party organizations, the State, mass organizations, from the central to local levels.

2.2.2.Viewpoints on cooperation in training cadres for the Lao Party and State

In the current national renovation process, to integrate and develop, following Ho Chi Minh's ideology and Kaysone Phomvihane's ideology, the two countries focus on cooperation in training cadres, so that Lao cadres have enough capacity to lead the country, realize the goals of the Lao PDR, build a peaceful, independent, democratic, prosperous Laos, capable of integrating and competing internationally, creating a position and strength to continue to consolidate and nurture the special friendship between Vietnam and Laos, gradually affirming the position of the two countries in the region and in the world.

The CPV has always maintained the viewpoint that training cadres to help Laos is a special international task of historical inheritance, and at the same time an important task of its own. In every historical period, prioritizing the training of Lao cadres is a task of strategic significance, contributing to fostering the special solidarity and friendship between Vietnam and Laos in the past, present and future.

2.2.3. Current status of Lao cadres and training needs for Lao cadres

In reality, Laos's human resources are currently lacking in quantity, weak in quality, inadequate in structure, and actual capacity and qualifications are not commensurate with their degrees. There is still a shortage of experts in macro-policy planning, and the age and gender structure is unreasonable, failing to meet the requirements of socio-economic development of the country[250]. These shortcomings require the urgency of researching and innovating the work of cadres for the Lao People's Revolutionary Party at the present stage. There must be effective solutions to build a strong and professional cadre team to meet the requirements of building and developing Laos.

The need for Vietnam-Laos cooperation in the field of training cadres for the Lao Party and State is very large. Since Laos joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), changing the training goals for civil servants, especially leaders, managers, political cadres, and economic managers, is more necessary than ever. In the coming time, Laos needs to focus on training, enhancing the quality of cadres, high-tech human resources, and taking advantage of opportunities brought about by international economic integration.

Chapter 2 Summary:

Vietnam-Laos cooperation in training cadres was formed and developed on the basis of the traditional friendship, special solidarity and comprehensive cooperation between the two countries, from the coincidence of interests, similarities in ideology, on the basis of geostrategic, political, historical, economic and cultural factors, founded by President Ho Chi Minh, together with President Kaysone Phomvihane and generations of leaders of the two countries. The four mentioned theories of international relations contribute to clarifying aspects of the relationship between the two countries, deepening the nature of Vietnam-Laos cooperation in the field of cadre training. The international context and each country are changing, however, Vietnam-Laos cooperation in training cadres continues to be a strategic political task, meeting the needs of Laos' cadre training, contributing to fostering the special friendship between the two countries to develop day by day.

CHAPTER 3: CURRENT STATE OF VIETNAM - LAOS COOPERATION

IN THE FIELD OF STAFF TRAINING (2001-2015)

3.1.Looking back at the processVietnamcooperateTraining cadres to help Laos before 2001

3.1.1. Period 1954-1975

After the Geneva Agreement of 1954, both Vietnam and Laos carried out national revolutions to gain independence and freedom. The Vietnam Workers' Party tried to train political cadres for Laos, meeting the demand in both quantity and quality. Cadres of the Party Central Committee, Party Committees, Provincial and Regional Commands were all given short-term training in Marxist theory.-Lenin, propaganda work, mass mobilization. The first Lao cadres, soldiers and some young people were sent to Vietnam to study at Dong Hy, Thai Nguyen. Cooperation in training political theory cadres and political lecturers between the two countries was initiated by the activities of the Central Western Party School, later Nguyen Ai Quoc X School... Through many different types of training and fostering, thousands of Lao cadres were equipped with basic knowledge of politics and expertise, timely supplementing the core cadres, most of whom were key and senior cadres, contributing significantly to creating a source of leaders, meeting the urgent needs of the Lao revolution, leading the Lao revolution to success.

3.1.2. Period 1975-2000

After the victory on April 30, 1975 in Vietnam and December 2, 1975 in Laos, the revolutions of the two countries moved into the stage of building and defending the homeland. The need to train cadres became more urgent than ever.Fromyear1975-1990, The Communist Party of Vietnam has helped Laos train 15,127 party, mass organization, security, defense, and science and technology officials [20].From year 1991-1995, Vietnam trained 1,540 Lao students [93, p.192].From year 1996-2000,Vietnam trained 2,256 Lao students [225, p.15].From year 1991-2000, Vietnam has trained 3,642 Lao university and graduate students.[225, p. 15].

3.2.FrameLaw on cooperation in training cadres between Vietnam and Laos (2001-2015)

Over the past 15 years, from 2001 to 2015, Vietnam and Laos have issued many documents related to cooperation in training Lao officials. Based on the implementation of high-level agreements between the two Parties and the two States, the Vietnamese and Lao Governments have signed annual cooperation plans as well as medium-term and long-term cooperation programs. The two sides have signed five-year agreements on economic, cultural, scientific and technological cooperation (2001-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2015, 2016-2020), a 10-year economic, cultural, scientific and technological cooperation strategy (2001-2010, 2011-2020) and a series of other agreements, protocols and cooperation agreements.

In addition to the Strategic Cooperation Agreements, Agreements, Protocols between the two Parties, the two States and the two Governments, departments, ministries, branches, many provinces, cities, political and social organizations, training institutions... have signed memorandums of understanding, agreements, plans, and separate commitments within the cooperation framework to directly train or receive Lao training under the self-sufficient regime. The provinces along the border of the two countries have also established sisterhood, signed documents, and cooperated together in many fields, helping to train human resources for other provinces.

3.3. Standardsfor Lao officials studying in Vietnam

3.3.1. General standards for Lao cadres studying in Vietnam

Lao officials studying in Vietnam must meet criteria regarding education, expertise, Vietnamese language proficiency, health, age, etc.

3.3.2. Specific standardsfor Lao officials learn dumbbelli Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics

Lao PDR cadres studying at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, in addition to meeting the general standards for Lao cadres studying in Vietnam, also have specific regulations for each training system (professional training, advanced political theory (or advanced political - administrative theory), master's degree, PhD...

3.4. Training of cadres for the Lao Party and State in Vietnam

3.4.1.At some central ministries

Up to now, many ministries and sectors have implemented the task of training cadres to help Laos, in which the Ministry of Education and Training is the governing body and a number of other ministries and sectors such as the Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning and Investment...

3.4.2. At the Party school system

Training and fostering leaders and managers for the Lao People's Revolutionary Party is an important task assigned by the Politburo and the Central Party Secretariat to the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics. Over the years, the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, the center for training political cadres, the highest school of the Communist Party of Vietnam, has regularly received, trained and fostered political cadres, especially leaders and managers for the Lao People's Democratic Republic according to the Training Agreement between the parties.

Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics has many types of training and fostering cadres to help Laos: from intermediate, advanced political theory, university of politics, completing university knowledge of politics and some other majors at affiliated Academies, graduate training, PhD training, fostering cadres in the fields of foreign affairs, inspection, organization, propaganda, foreign affairs, journalism, publishing, training of political theory lecturers, especially teaching staff of the Lao National Academy of Politics and Administration and political schools of provinces and cities of Laos... In addition to long-term concentrated PhD training, the Academy has also trained non-concentrated PhDs for senior cadres of the Lao Party and State and completed university knowledge of politics for Lao cadres who studied at the Nguyen Ai Quoc High-level Party School, Nguyen Ai Quoc X School and Nguyen Ai Quoc Special School in previous periods.

3.4.3. At central union schools and Friendship schools

3.4.3.1. At central mass schools

Central mass organizations (assigned by socio-political organizations to training institutions of the industry) participating in training to help Laos include: Trade Union University (under the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor), Vietnam Women's Academy (under the Vietnam Women's Union), Vietnam Youth Academy (under the Central Committee of the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union). The subjects participating in the courses are mass organization cadres at district, provincial and central levels of Laos. As a result, thousands of mass organization cadres at all levels have been trained and developed for Laos.

3.4.3.1. At Friendship Schools

T78 Friendship Schoolcommonly known as "Lao school",Mainly training Vietnamese in Vietnam for key Lao officials to continuestudying at the Party school system (now Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics), other universities, colleges and vocational schools. In addition to the Agreement staff, the school also accepts staff from cooperation with sectors and localities that Vietnam has established a sistership with Laos, and a few are self-funded.

Friendship School 80The predecessor of Friendship School 80, Vietnamese language training and university preparation for Lao students who have graduated from high school, to qualify for first year study at universities in Vietnam. Most of them are children of high-ranking leaders of the Lao Party and State, some are students with excellent academic results. Friendship School 80 also provides Vietnamese language training for Lao students at postgraduate level; professional training for 2-3 months for teachers in Lao provinces.

3.4.4. In provinces, cities and localities

Some provinces and cities have proactively cooperated in training for Lao localities, including regular training, refresher training, short-term training, Vietnamese language training, university and postgraduate training; college, vocational secondary school, vocational training, according to the capacity, strengths of each locality and the needs of Laos. The subjects are officials working in agencies, departments, branches, provinces and cities of Laos, high school graduates, self-funded or supported by international organizations for Laos.

Many Vietnamese provinces, cities and localities, mainly border provinces, have established twinned relationships with Lao localities and effectively implemented cooperation in training cadres with Lao localities such as: Dien Bien, Son La, Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Vinh Phuc, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam, Da Nang, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Binh Dinh, Dak Lak, and Ho Chi Minh City.

3.5. Current status of cooperation in training Lao cadres in Vietnam (2001-2015)

3.5.1.Period 2001-2005

From 2001 to 2005, Vietnam trained 3,360 Lao cadres, including 2,434 long-term and 926 short-term courses, an increase of 12.94% compared to the signed Agreement [94, p.193]. The two sides continued to improve the quality, expand Lao training at university and postgraduate levels, train political cadres, leaders, managers at all levels, cadres working in programs and projects, focusing on training and fostering political cadres, leaders, and managers, increasing from 130 people in 2001 to 225 people in 2005 [26, p.57]. In 5 years, thousands of cadres graduated from universities and colleges. Vietnam trained and fostered 586 Lao political cadres, including 40 senior cadres, 105 department-level cadres and equivalent. Has trained 215 Masters and PhDs, 1008 bachelors in economics, culture, science and technology, security and defense. [94, p. 193]

The policy regime in this period is implemented according to Circular 91/2001/TTLB TC-KHĐT dated November 9, 2001 of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Planning and Investment on guiding the policy regime for Lao and Cambodian students studying in Vietnam; an increase compared to the period 1996-2000 according to Circular 68/TTLB-TC-KH dated November 4, 1996 of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Planning and Investment of 20% at the university level; 35% at the graduate level and 61% at the short-term training system. The training cost rate is adjusted mainly for the living expenses that Lao officials receive. The proportion of expenses and benefits of Lao officials has accounted for 47.6% of the annual training rate.

3.5.2. Period 2006-2010

Continue to promote comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and Laos to a new level, 2006-2010 period. In response to the economic and social development requirements of Laos, at the request of the Lao People's Friend, Vietnam has annually increased the number of scholarships for Laos, accepting more than the agreed quota for long-term university and postgraduate training, full-time, concentrated, in-service, short-term training (in the fields of economics, culture, education, science and technology, national defense, security, unions, socio-politics...).

In the period 2006-2010, Vietnam granted 3,518 new scholarships to Lao officials. The average number of Lao officials studying in Vietnam under the Agreement was 2,398 people/year, an increase of 27.2% compared to 2001-2005. In 5 years (2006-2010), Vietnam received 973 Lao officials to study and research political theory and management. Compared to 5 years ago, the number of Lao officials increased by 1.78 times, and the capital for training increased by 2.31 times. According to statistics from the Ministry of Planning and Investment, in the non-refundable aid capital to help Laos implement target programs, 62.1% of the capital was invested in the field of education and training of Lao officials in Vietnam (43.17% of the capital was for training Lao officials in Vietnam, 18.9% of the capital was for building training facilities in Laos).

Regarding the policy and regime for cooperation in training Lao cadres in the period 2006-2010: In 2006, Circular No. 16/2006/TT-BTC dated March 7, 2006 of the Ministry of Finance was issued to replace Circular 91, which stipulates the regime of training expenditure for Lao cadres studying in Vietnam, the scholarship that students receive directly (including food, clothing and pocket money). According to Circular No. 16, Lao cadres under the Agreement enjoy preferential policies and regimes such as scholarships, living expenses, dormitory accommodation, initial equipment, documents, and study materials according to regulations; health care, health insurance, transportation support, travel expenses during summer vacations, Tet holidays, temporary residence procedures, immigration procedures, etc. Scholarships have increased by about 160% compared to before, living and studying conditions of Lao officials in Vietnam have gradually improved.

However, the implementation of Circular 16 still has many shortcomings, not fully meeting the cost of studying and living at the training facilities of the Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam, especially the food expenses of Lao students are lower than those of Vietnamese students, significantly affecting the quality of training and fostering Lao security officers. After two years of implementing Circular 16, the Ministry of Finance has initially adjusted the food expenses for Lao students in Vietnam according to Circular No. 41/2008/TT-BTC dated May 22, 2008, supporting an additional 50% compared to the regulations in Circular No. 16.

3.5.3. Period 2011-2015

According to statistics from the Ministry of Education and Training, in the period 2011-2015, the number of Lao cadres trained under the Agreement was 2,606 people. Each year, Vietnam increases scholarships by 10% or more, including some targets in the field of national security and defense, maintained until 2020, including short-term training for cadres of Party committees, mass organizations, socio-political organizations, security, national defense, ministries, and local branches; training of PhDs, Masters, and Bachelors.

In the 5-year period (2011-2015), the number of trained and fostered cadres increased quite rapidly. By the end of 2011, Vietnam had 127 Lao educational and training establishments with 5,507 people [206] (nearly 4,000 students outside the Agreement), by early 2015, there were 150 establishments training 9,295 people, of which: Agreement-based: 3,780 people, cooperation between localities and ministries: 3,090 people, international organizations sponsoring: 20 people, businesses sponsoring: 110 people; self-funded: 2,295 people.

The policy for training Lao cadres in the period of 2011-2015 continues to apply the Circular in effect from the period of 2006-2010 until the issuance of the new Circular, Circular 120/2012/TT-BTC dated July 24, 2012 of the Ministry of Finance on the regime of training allowances for Laotian students and Cambodian students (under the Agreement) studying in Vietnam. In addition to the scholarship received directly (including food, clothing and pocket money), the holiday and Tet allowances, initial allowances, actual allowances, thesis and dissertation expenses, reception fees, travel allowances, sports and cultural activities... are provided according to the norm, ensuring living and studying conditions in Vietnam. On September 24, 2014, the Ministry of Finance continued to issue Circular No. 140/2014/TT-BTC, amending a number of articles of Circular No. 120, effective on December 1, 2015, in which scholarships for Lao students increased by 25%.

3.6. Evaluation of the results of Vietnam - Laos cadre training cooperation (2001-2015)

3.6.1. Achievements 

In recent years, cooperation in education and training has been one of the most effective areas of cooperation between the two countries. Reviewing the process of cooperation in training cadres for Laos, in the spirit of special solidarity between Vietnam and Laos, through the stages, from 2001-2015, cooperation in training cadres for the Lao PDR has achieved remarkable achievements with: the scale of cooperation is increasingly developing, the forms are increasingly diverse, the scope of cooperation is expanding, the subjects and number of Lao cadres trained are increasing, and the types of cooperation are increasingly diverse.

Vietnam has proactively adjusted the shortcomings step by step, aiming to improve the quality of cooperation in training Lao cadres. With the efforts of both sides, in the spirit of special relations, the cooperation in education and training of the two countries has had many changes. During the implementation process, the quality of cadre training has been gradually improved, specifically: The selection of cadres under the Agreement has changed for the better. The issue of ensuring the quality of Vietnamese language training for Lao students has also been focused on by adjusting the training program and methods to better suit the practical conditions of the two countries. The organization and management of Lao training has gradually been seriously implemented. Facilities, equipment, teaching and learning facilities have been invested and upgraded. The work of educating ideology, ethics, and traditions has been focused on. Despite many difficulties, Lao training institutions in Vietnam have tried and made efforts, gradually improving living and learning conditions, facilities, and the lives of Lao cadres have received more attention. Every year, Lao officials are able to visit, picnic, attend festivals and New Year's Eve; participate in cultural, artistic, sports and entertainment exchange activities, to increase understanding of the traditions of the country and people of Vietnam as well as the special relationship between the two countries.

Vietnam has continuously increased aid to train Lao officials. In addition to state budget support through government-level cooperation agreements and agreements, many Vietnamese provinces, cities, universities and colleges have signed training and development cooperation projects with ministries, branches, twinning programs, direct training with Lao partners, and receiving Lao officials through other funding sources under the self-funding regime. Most Vietnamese provinces, cities, and localities that have established bilateral cooperation with Lao localities have allocated funds to provide scholarships to train Lao officials.

3.6.2. Existing limitations

3.6.2.1. On the coordination mechanism between the two sides

The coordination mechanism between the two sides is not yet tight and synchronous in implementing the Protocol, commitments, agreements, regulations, and training regulations. For the cooperation programs between localities, some cooperation contents are still based on the subjective wishes of the Lao side, exceeding the commitments between the two governments and the capabilities of the ministries, branches, and localities of each side. When selecting cadres to study, sometimes the country has not implemented well the regulations and conditions for each level of education, and cadres studying for postgraduate degrees have inappropriate majors. Coordination between levels, functional branches as well as agencies managing Lao students of the two countries is not regular and synchronous, especially in the case of self-funding.

3.6.2.2. Aboutctraining manager

The management of Lao cadre training is not yet strict. In localities, there is no common management, no agreement on plans, program content, training time, and training of Lao cadres. The management, care and organization of material and spiritual life for you are sometimes not thoughtful. There are no regulations on separate rewards for Lao cadres with high achievements during the training process...

3.6.2.3. About cadmissions officer

Admissions are still not strict, the quality is not high, and Vietnamese proficiency is limited. In terms of recruitment, you sometimes do not classify and screen candidates based on their actual abilities and learning abilities. Applications sent to Vietnam are still slow, causing difficulties in the recruitment, training, management, and diploma granting processes...

3.6.2.4. About cquality of training

There are still some problems in training quality that need to be overcome: training programs, curriculum, learning materials, teaching staff, Vietnamese language training, facilities, organization of practical research...

3.6.2.5.Aboutcpolicy regime

Cpolicy regimeThere are still many shortcomings that need to be improved. Funding for practical research is still limited.Lao language interpretation work faces difficulties in both human resources and remuneration, affecting the quality of training. The funding managed by the training unit and that enjoyed by individual trainees is not clearly defined and not unified, making it difficult to implement... On the Lao side, the remuneration for Lao cadres who study in Vietnam is still low.

Chapter 3 Summary

Continuing the journey of training cadres to help Laos before 2001, implementing the Party and State's policies, cooperation strategies, agreements and cooperation treaties between Vietnam and Laos, from 2001-2015, despite many difficulties, the Government, ministries, branches, central and local organizations continued to give priority to training cadres with Laos. Identifying Lao cadre training as an important political task, depending on their nature, functions, tasks and capabilities, ministries, branches, provinces, cities, localities and training institutions all strive to contribute to the cause of training cadres to help Laos, consolidate and develop the special, long-term neighborly and friendly relations and comprehensive cooperation between the two countries.

With the implementation of strategies, cooperation agreements signed between the two governments as well as annual cooperation plans in each field, Vietnam - Laos cadre training cooperation has achieved many meaningful achievements, meeting the essential needs of cadres for the Lao Party and State. Although Vietnam has made many efforts to improve the quality and effectiveness of training work to suit the reality, the cadre training cooperation to help Laos in the period 2001-2015 still has limitations that need to be overcome and lessons learned for the future.

CHAPTER 4: ORIENTATION FOR SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE VIETNAM - LAOS COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF STAFF TRAINING

4.1. Goals, directions, and prospects for cooperation in training Lao officials

4.1.1. Objectives

Continuing to affirm that cooperation in training and fostering cadres to help Lao PDR is a special political task of the Party and State. This is the core that contributes to consolidating and developing the traditional friendship, special solidarity and comprehensive cooperation, ensuring that the Vietnam - Laos relationship continues to develop sustainably between the two Parties, two States and peoples in the future.

4.1.2. Direction

In the coming years, both Vietnam and Laos need to have a long-term common vision, a strategic vision built and implemented in the context of the region and each country having intertwined advantages and difficulties, along with very rapid changes. The two countries Vietnam and Laos are striving to raise the level of friendship to a new height according to the motto of quality and efficiency, especially in the field of personnel training.

Strengthen the leadership of the Party and the management of the State in the work of innovating cadre training for Laos. Continue to thoroughly grasp and concretize the viewpoints, goals, and fundamental and comprehensive tasks of training Lao cadres in the political system, in the field of education and training, and in the whole society.

Strengthen cooperation in training Party and State officials. Focus on training and fostering middle and senior leaders in the political system, key leaders of the State. Prioritize the selection of key leaders, source officials in the Lao political system, focus on training children of senior officials, families with revolutionary contributions, students and young people with excellent achievements in studying and working to train source officials in Vietnam. Focus on training generations of young officials to prepare well for the future transfer of power, considering this one of the most important policies to continue building a direction for cooperation in training officials to help Laos, in order to consolidate and promote the special relationship between the two countries.

Always raise awareness of all levels and sectors about the role, position and special significance of cooperation in training cadres in the special relationship between Vietnam and Laos for the security and politics of each country. Preserve, develop and deepen this rare special political relationship not only among high-ranking leaders but also permeate deeply into all classes of people, especially the younger generation.

In the coming time, we should innovate in information and communication work to unify awareness and create consensus on training and fostering Lao students. We should attach importance to political and ideological education in training Lao cadres.

4.1.3. Prospects

Education and training cooperation in the coming time will remain a priority area in Vietnam - Laos relations, aiming to strengthen solidarity, enhance cultivation, continuously consolidate and develop bilateral relations in both breadth and depth.

Opportunities for training are positive: Laos has the demand and desire for Vietnam's support, Vietnam is qualified and ready to meet your requirements. Experience in the training process will help draw useful lessons to continue to improve, enhance quality, increase quantity, diversify training types, and perform well in management... However, there are still many challenges that require efforts from both sides: economic difficulties (affecting training support funding), selecting staff and training forms suitable for the new stage, competition and unfavorable international factors... will negatively impact the enhancement of cooperation in general, and the field of training staff in particular, between Vietnam and Laos.

4.2. Solutions to enhance cooperation in training Vietnamese and Lao officials

In order to improve the effectiveness of cooperation in training Vietnamese and Lao officials, the issue

Improving the quality of training cadres for Laos is one of the key issues that need to be focused on, with the following overall solutions:

4.2.1. Promote musclecoordination from both sides in training cooperation

The two Parties, the two States and relevant agencies need to closely coordinate in implementing cooperation in training cadres for Laos to closely follow the cadre planning and cadre training planning of Laos. The two sides need to coordinate well from the stage of building cooperation plans to expanding the scale of training.,to manage and handle well the problems arising in the training of cadres and management of Lao students. It is necessary to strengthen close coordination between the ministries in charge, training institutions and the Lao Embassy in Vietnam, to perform well the task of managing cadres to help you in the coming time.

4.2.2. EnhancementLao cadre training cooperation management

- Strengthen supervision, inspection and evaluation of training cooperation management. It is necessary to summarize and evaluate the results of national-level training cooperation for leaders and managers of all sectors and levels.

- Continue to innovate management work, regularly care for and support Lao officials.

4.2.3. Improving the quality of cadre training for Laos

4.2.3.1. Continuously expand the scale and types of training for Lao cadres.

4.2.3.2. Diversify the subjects and methods of cooperation in training staff

4.2.3.3. Improve the quality of program content and curriculum

4.2.3.4. Focus on training Vietnamese for Lao students.

4.2.3.5 .Promote scientific research activities.

4.2.3.6. Strengthening education on learning and training awareness for Lao students

4.2.4.Nhigh qualityteamstaff,lecturer

4.2.5. Upgrading technical facilities of training institutions

4.2.6. Increase investment in funding for cooperation in training Lao officials

4.3. Recommendationon cooperation in training cadres for Laos

4.3.1. For Vietnam

4.3.1.1. With the Party and State

The Central Organizing Committee needs to promote its role as a focal point, responsible for exchanging and reaching agreement with the Central Organizing Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party on policies, cooperation plans, training targets, and fostering of political cadres to help the Party. At the same time, direct relevant ministries, branches, and localities to adjust funding, facilities, and policies to suit the reality.

4.3.1.2. For Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics

Continue to innovate training work: scale, content, forms and facilities, management staff, interpreters... to improve training quality; Expand the scale and types of political cadre training, increase short-term knowledge update classes, continue to implement the policy of training and fostering political teachers for provincial and municipal political and administrative schools to help you.

4.3.1.3.For Ministries, branches and localities

Recommend contents to the Ministry of Education and Training, Ministry of Planning and Investment, Ministry of Finance, and localities to improve the effectiveness of cooperation in training Lao officials.

 4.3.2. For Lao PDR

- It is necessary to innovate cooperation in training management leaders from the planning stage, with appropriate overall training strategy orientation for each stage.

- Laos needs to review and select the right candidates for training for central and local cadres. It should nurture young talents and proactively create a source of overseas students to study in Vietnam to meet the requirements of each cadre's work tasks in the short and long term.

- You should pay due attention and seriously implement input selection, ensuring quality according to the agreed commitment on diplomas and certificates, to meet the standards for each training system.

- Training and fostering cadres to help Laos must come from the requirements and political tasks of the Lao Party and State, paying attention to all three generations (old, middle-aged and young). Continue to train highly qualified experts and reserve forces, balancing the generations.

Chapter 4 Summary

In order to further promote the achieved results, it is necessary to forecast the goals, directions and prospects of cooperation in training and fostering cadres for Laos, draw lessons, and perfect the most comprehensive and fundamental solutions so that the solutions and recommendations are feasible. The serious implementation of measures to improve the quality of cadre training for Laos is a top priority task, of great significance to Lao cadre training institutions. Up to now, Vietnam is still making every effort to improve the quality and effectiveness of the cooperation process. Training cadres for Laos is still a priority task and the results of cooperation in this field will contribute positively to consolidating and developing the special friendship, solidarity and comprehensive cooperation between the two Parties, the two States and the peoples of Vietnam and Laos.

CONCLUDE

The Vietnam-Laos relationship is a special friendship and solidarity, forged and affirmed in practice and forged by the blood and bones of compatriots and soldiers, by the sacrifices and struggles of many generations of Vietnamese and Lao people, becoming an exemplary, loyal and pure relationship, an invaluable asset of the two Parties and two peoples, one of the factors ensuring the victory of each country's revolutionary cause. Strengthening and enhancing the special friendship and comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and Laos is a strategic policy of the Party and State of Vietnam.

Cooperation in training and fostering cadres for Laos is a necessary and urgent task, of great significance for each period of each country's revolutionary history, as well as in the current cause of national construction and defense. In the conditions of peace and national revival, the issue of human resources plays a decisive role in the ability to make breakthroughs and develop each country. The consistent viewpoint of the Lao Party and Government is based on Vietnam's traditional assistance to train leaders, managers and professional cadres in each period to help Laos, together on the path of socialism. The work of training and fostering leaders and managers helps our friends have a particularly important position, a concrete demonstration of the solidarity and friendship between the two countries, one of the foundations to ensure the special Vietnam-Laos relationship is increasingly close and develops sustainably. Over the past years, Vietnam has actively trained and fostered cadres for Laos, achieving many important achievements and gaining the trust and high appreciation of Laos.

Continuing the tradition of training cadres to help Laos, at the request of the Lao People's Friend, from 2001 to 2015, Vietnam has trained and fostered cadres for the Lao Party and State with many diverse and practical forms. Despite many difficulties, the Party, Government and State of Vietnam always give sincere and good feelings and the best learning conditions to Laos.

Over the past years, Vietnam has basically fulfilled its important tasks and special international missions, contributing to supplementing the contingent of cadres who are politically steadfast and professionally skilled, meeting the requirements of implementing Laos's renovation policy, successfully building a peaceful, independent, democratic, unified and prosperous Laos. This is an opportunity to promote the spirit of self-reliance in fighting against the plot of peaceful evolution, in order to preserve and firmly protect the revolutionary achievements that the two countries have worked hard to build. This is also an opportunity for cadres, especially the young generation of Lao cadres, to be educated and trained to clearly perceive, continue to protect and build the special solidarity and comprehensive cooperation between the two Parties, the two States and the two peoples more firmly and deeply.

However, in the context of globalization and international integration, the Lao PDR is implementing a foreign policy of multilateralization and diversification. Vietnam is accepting competition in human resource training with countries that want to influence Laos (especially China), requiring coordination between departments, ministries, branches, provinces and cities from central to local levels, and each training facility must strongly innovate to train Lao cadres appropriately.

Researching Vietnam-Laos Cooperation in the Field of Cadre Training (2001-2015) for the Lao Party and State, based on the viewpoints, guidelines, policies of the Party and practical implementation, from pointing out the main achievements and existing limitations, the thesis has proposed recommendations and solutions to strengthen cooperation in cadre training for Laos in the coming time.

To carry out long-term strategic international tasks, there must be coordination between departments, ministries, branches, and functional agencies of the two countries, as well as the efforts of trained Lao cadres. However, the fundamental solution to improve the quality of Lao cadre training still comes from the training institutions themselves. For Lao cadre training to be highly effective, the role of Lao students is also extremely important. The great efforts of the students themselves and the learning results of Lao cadres trained in Vietnam have contributed significantly to the effectiveness of cooperation between Vietnam and Laos in this traditional field.

The prospects for Vietnam-Laos cooperation in general and cooperation in the field of training and fostering cadres in particular are very large. Promoting the tradition of solidarity and mutual assistance in the past as well as the potential strengths of each country in the cause of building and defending the Fatherland today, with the efforts of both sides, we are confident that cooperation in the field of training and fostering cadres to help Laos in Vietnam will be strengthened and developed.

Vietnam not only considers the work of training cadres to help Laos as a responsibility and obligation to build Vietnam-Laos solidarity, but also as a loyal sentiment and affection towards the Lao PDR, wholeheartedly dedicating its intelligence and strength to the cause of leading and training cadres for the Lao revolution, meeting the fundamental and long-term interests of the people of the two countries, contributing to strengthening peace, stability, friendship, cooperation and development in Southeast Asia and the world.