Summary of PhD thesis: Nguyen Thi Thu Ha

INTRODUCTION

1. Reason for choosing the topic

The cause of promoting industrialization and modernization in Vietnam in recent years has achieved many great and important achievements in terms of scale, nature and depth, creating a solid foundation for the country to enter a new stage of development. In that journey, the Vietnamese working class plays an important role and is one of the decisive factors in the success or failure of the cause of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country. As the central force of the industrialization and modernization process, the Vietnamese working class is holding important material and technical bases and advanced and modern means of production, deciding the direction of economic development. Although in terms of quantity, the working class only accounts for a small proportion of the total population, it is the labor force that contributes the most to the state budget.

Along with the process of consistently implementing the policy of developing a multi-sector economy; continuing to perfect the socialist-oriented market economic institution; promoting industrialization, modernization and international economic integration; developing a knowledge-based economy; the Vietnamese working class is undergoing profound changes in many aspects, including strong structural changes.

The change in the number of workers in the economic sectors has led to important and remarkable changes, not only in the nature of ownership types but also in many aspects: education level, income level, property ownership, and class consciousness. This reality has led to stratification within the working class.

The development of the knowledge economy in the context of globalization has increased the general level of education, professional qualifications, and vocational skills of the Vietnamese working class in recent years, but the requirements for qualifications in different industries and economic sectors are very different. Therefore, differentiation in education and professional qualifications is inevitable and unavoidable. This inevitability leads to another inevitability, which is the differentiation in salary, bonus, or income in general. Within the Vietnamese working class today, there is a large income gap, sometimes up to dozens of times, not only between industries and economic sectors but also within the same industry and economic sector.

In addition, the sharp increase in the number of workers in recent years has made the composition of the working class no longer homogeneous. The large number of workers from rural areas joining the ranks of the workers has made this class no longer homogeneous in terms of origin, uneven in terms of political theory awareness, and unable to maintain a high level of unity in ideology, sense of organization and discipline, and industrial style as before. The part of workers from rural areas and the part of workers who mainly do manual labor will be the most disadvantaged, weakest, and most vulnerable. In addition, a part of workers with advantages, high incomes, and high social status has also been formed.

Differences in qualifications, professions, and interests will give rise to ideological, conscious, and organizational risks, reducing the strength of solidarity within the working class, seriously affecting the process of carrying out the historical mission of this class.

It can be seen that the shortcomings in the current structure of the Vietnamese working class have a great impact on the pace of development of the working class in particular and the process of industrialization and modernization of the country in general. Because the structure of the working class is a reflection of the current economic structure and the human resource development strategy in our country. Therefore, in addition to the task of developing quantity and improving quality, the issue of perfecting the structure of the Vietnamese working class is also being raised urgently and objectively. Therefore, surveying the current status of the structure of the Vietnamese working class to see the problems arising from the current structure of this class, on that basis, proposing solutions to perfect the structure of the working class to meet the requirements of the period of promoting industrialization and modernization is an important task with profound practical significance. For the above reasons, the researcher has chosen the topic:“The structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization, modernization, and national modernization”do your thesis.

2. Research purpose and tasks

2.1. Research purpose

On the basis of clarifying general theoretical issues about the working class structure, the current situation and issues arising from the working class structure of Vietnam; the thesis proposes a system of solutions to perfect the working class structure of Vietnam to meet the requirements of the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

2.2. Tasks

- Overview of scientific works related to the thesis topic

- Clarifying general theoretical issues on the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country.

- Analyze the current situation and issues arising from the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

- Proposing a system of solutions to perfect the structure of the Vietnamese working class to meet the requirements of the period of accelerated industrialization and modernization.

3. Research object and scope

3.1. Research subjects

Structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country.

3.2. Scope of research

Regarding content: The thesis studies the structure of the Vietnamese working class through four basic types of structures: economic sector structure; economic sector structure; qualification structure; salary and income structure.

About time: The thesis studies the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country, from 1996 to present.

4. Research methods

4.1. Methodological basis

The thesis is based on the viewpoints of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh thought and the viewpoints of the Communist Party of Vietnam on social-class structure; on the working class structure and the structure of the working class in Vietnam.

4.2. Specific methods

On the basis of using the methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, to achieve the research purpose, the thesis also uses the methods: analysis - synthesis, induction, deduction, logic - history, comparison, statistics, forecasting to research and explain theoretical and practical issues, at the same time, propose solutions to perfect the structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

5. New contributions of the thesis

- Building the concept of the Vietnamese working class structure in the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

- Clarify the factors affecting the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

- Comprehensive analysis of the current situation and issues arising for the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

- Propose some solutions to improve the structure of the Vietnamese working class to meet the requirements of the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

6. Scientific and practical significance of the thesis

- Contribute to affirming the scientific and revolutionary nature of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's thought on the role of the Vietnamese working class in general and the role of the Vietnamese working class structure in particular in the period of promoting industrialization and modernization.

- Providing some valuable scientific arguments for reference in the process of building and planning policies related to the development of the working class and perfecting the working class structure in the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

- Used as reference material in the process of researching and teaching contents related to the working class and the structure of the Vietnamese working class in the education system.

7. Structure of the thesis

In addition to the introduction, conclusion and list of references, the thesis content is divided into 4 chapters and 9 sections.

 

CHAPTER 1 CONTENTS

OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION

RELATED TO TOPIC

1.1. Research works related to general theory of working class structure and working class structure in Vietnam

1.1.1. Research works related to general theory of working class structure

Foreign scholars when studying the working class in capitalist countries all agree that the composition of the working class always changes when capitalism develops new technologies. Representatives of this point of view are:Theory of the new working classwith typical representatives being Serge Mallet (1927-1973) - French political activist, journalist and sociologist and Roberta Wood (2019) with the article "Convention discussion: The changing composition of the working class”posted on the website of the Communist Party of the USA. More specifically, the authors William E. Thompson, Joseph V. Hickey and Mica L. Thompson (2007) in the book “Society in Focus” pointed out four different segments in the American and Canadian working class: “white-collar workers”, “yellow-collar workers”, “blue-collar workers”, “pink-collar workers”.

In Russia, since 1991, the issue of the working class has been rarely discussed, if at all, only to a limited extent, briefly and based on different theoretical foundations and bases than before due to changes in the political regime.

In China, many researchers believe that: The current Chinese working class is a group of workers whose main source of income is wages, including factory workers, scientific and technical staff (including teachers), employees in service industries, civil servants in Party and Government agencies, as well as farmers who go to the city to work part-time. Under the influence of economic development policies, the structure of the Chinese working class has undergone a drastic change, completely different from the pre-reform period. Representatives of this viewpoint include authors such as: Vuong Thi Uyen, in the article "“The changing structure of the working class in contemporary China”(published in An Thuan Academy Magazine, No. 2, Volume 15, April 2014); Hoang Huc Dong in the article "The working class theory of classic Marxist authors and new changes of the contemporary Chinese working class"(published in Gang Han Discussion Magazine, No. 1-2009); My Hai Ba with the article "Theory on the situation of the contemporary Chinese working class” (published in Guangzhou University Journal, issue 2, volume 17, number 2/2018); and Liu Haijun in the article “The Logic of Capital and the Transformation of the Working Class Structure in Contemporary China”(published in Dalian Liuning magazine 116026).

In Vietnam, based on the worldview and methodology of Marxism-Leninism, scholars have also put forward concepts aboutmodern working class structuresuitable to new conditions and circumstances. Most authors agree that: the development of science and technology along with the adjustments of the bourgeoisie have profoundly changed the economies of capitalist countries, thus leading to the consequence that the structure of the working class has also changed strongly, becoming richer and more diverse. The authors representing this concept are: Nguyen The Luc (2007) in the article“Characteristics of the working class in developed capitalist countries”;Nguyen Hoang Giap, Trinh Thi Hoa (2007) in the article "The role of the working class in developing countries in the present stage”, published in the Proceedings of the Scientific Conference “The historical mission of the working class in the process of developing post-industrial civilization”; Nguyen Thi Que, Nguyen Hoang Giap (2010) with the book “The working class in developed capitalist countries since the Cold War until now, current situation and prospects” and Nguyen An Ninh (2016) in the article “Some issues on the working class and socialism in the current context”.

1.1.2. Research works related to the general theory of the structure of the Vietnamese working class

Regarding the structure of the Vietnamese working class, researchers have pointed out new points in the structure of the working class after the period of renovation and the promotion of industrialization and modernization of the country. Based on different criteria, the authors have given their views on how to classify the structure of the working class (author Do Nguyen Phuong (1989) in the article“The current state of the social structure of the Vietnamese working class and changing trends”; author Bui Dinh Bon (1997) in the book "Some issues about the Vietnamese working class today”); points out the requirements to be noted when studying the structure of the Vietnamese working class (author Nguyen Vu (1986) in the article “Some issues of research on the social structure of the Vietnamese working class today”).

Besides, the authors also pointed out the factors affecting the change in the working class structure and affirmed that industrialization and modernization are the most important factors, such as: author Cao Van Luong (2001) in the book "Industrialization, modernization and the development of the working class”; author Tran Ngoc Son (2001) in the Thesis “The development of the Vietnamese working class and its role in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country”. Author Duong Xuan Ngoc (2008) in the book “The Vietnamese working class in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country" and author Pham Van Giang (2017) in his PhD thesis in philosophy with the topic "The transformation of the Vietnamese working class under the impact of current international integration”.

In 3 books "Some issues about the working class and trade unions in Vietnam”, “Vietnamese working class with knowledge economy (late 20th century, early 21st century)”and“Renewing thinking about the working class - Knowledge economy and knowledge workers", author Van Tao (1997, 2007, 2008) analyzed the need to build a new definition of the working class, especially the need to expand the connotation of the working class, in accordance with the knowledge economy and the emergence of the knowledge worker team.

Author Nguyen An Ninh (2008), in the book "On the trend of industrialization in our country today"focuses on explaining the differentiation and stratification in the Vietnamese working class today. From there, the author points out the consequences and proposes solutions to the problem of stratification in the Vietnamese working class today.

In the book “Contemporary Vietnamese Social Life - The Living Situation of Workers: Status, Risks and Life Strategies"Nguyen Duc Loc, editor-in-chief (2015), "added a new perspective to the topic of workers through analyzing workers' perceptions when talking about their position and role in society."

1.2. Research works related to the current situation and solutions to improve the structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

1.2.1. Research works related to the current situation of the Vietnamese working class structure during the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country

When studying the current state of the Vietnamese working class structure, the authors all affirmed that, compared to the pre-renovation period, the post-renovation period, especially since Vietnam promoted industrialization and modernization of the country, the working class structure has many strong changes in the following trends: reducing the number of workers in the state economic sector, increasing the number of workers in the non-state economic sector and the economy with foreign investment capital; the structure of occupations has become rich and diverse; the structure of qualifications has many positive changes; there is differentiation and stratification of income within the working class... Representing this point of view are the authors: Dang Ngoc Tung (2008, 2011) in two books: "Building and promoting the role of the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country" and "Building the Vietnamese working class in the period 2011-2020”; author Nguyen Trong Chuan (2009) in the article “Development trends of the Vietnamese working class in the period of industrialization, modernization and international integration”; authors Hoang Chi Bao, Nguyen Viet Thong, Bui Dinh Bon (2010) in the book “Some issues of theoretical development on the Vietnamese working class in the conditions of a market economy promoting industrialization, modernization and international integration”; author Pham Van Giang (2016) in the article: “Structure of the Vietnamese working class over 30 years of renovation" and author Vu Quang Tho (2016) in the book "The Vietnamese working class and trade unions today - challenges and prospects”.

1.2.2. Research works related to solutions to perfect the structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country

Regarding solutions, most of the published books and magazine articles have not yet provided a system of solutions to perfect the structure of the Vietnamese working class to meet the requirements of the country's industrialization and modernization. The published works have only focused on providing solutions to build the working class in general, and have not yet provided solutions that directly and specifically impact the structure of the working class.

1.3. Summarize the results with reference value from research works and the thesis issues that need to be further clarified

Scientists mostly agree that the working class is a direct product of industrial production, developing and transforming with the development of modern industry. In socialist countries, the working class has won power, together with the working people, becoming the masters of the main means of production, masters of society. The historical mission of the working class today is still to make the transition from capitalism to socialism and communism. The structure, quantity and quality of the working class have changed a lot compared to the period of C. Marx and F. Engels; especially the change in structure.

Besides the similarities, there are still many issues that continue to be debated and have different opinions, thereby opening up new research directions to continue to add to the theoretical treasure of Marxism-Leninism.

Regarding the Vietnamese working class and the structure of the Vietnamese working class, the authors all agree on the following views:

- The Vietnamese working class are wage earners, working in the industrial and service sectors of an industrial nature, present in all economic sectors, all occupations, and all regions. The Vietnamese working class has become the basic productive force of society. The historical mission of the Vietnamese working class today is to lead the whole society to successfully carry out the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country.

Besides the points of agreement, studies on the structure of the Vietnamese working class still raise issues that need further analysis and clarification.The first,There are currently three different phrases used by authors to analyze the structure of the Vietnamese working class. So which concept should be used to most accurately reflect the problem?Monday,There is no definition that reflects the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country.Tuesday,In published works, there is no consensus in the criteria for classifying the structure of the Vietnamese working class.Wednesday,Previous studies have not yet provided forecasts of the development of the working class structure and appropriate solutions to perfect the structure of the Vietnamese working class to meet the requirements of the cause of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

From an overview of research works related to the topic and the remaining issues, the thesis topic“The structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country.The thesis will focus on clarifying the following issues:

One is,Develop concepts, propose a system of classification criteria and analyze factors affecting the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

Second,Analyze the current situation, clarify the changes in the working class structure during the period of industrialization and modernization, thereby pointing out the issues arising from the current situation of the working class structure in Vietnam.

Third,Propose solutions to perfect the working class structure, contributing to building a strong Vietnamese working class to meet the requirements of the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country.

Chapter 1 Conclusion

Through some works of researchers from the US, France, Germany, especially China, we can also have a preliminary picture of the current world working class and the changes in the structure of this class. That is the diversity in the structure of occupations, qualifications, income structure, and the increasingly deep differentiation and stratification in the working class. These are important references for us to study and forecast the development of the Vietnamese working class as well as the changes in the structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country.

Although domestic research projects have not yet conducted in-depth research on the structure of the Vietnamese working class, they have provided important scientific arguments on theoretical and practical issues regarding the Vietnamese working class, as well as analyzed the current situation and proposed directions and solutions to build a working class to meet the requirements of the country's industrialization and modernization. This is the basis for graduate students to absorb and have accurate interpretations of the research issues raised by the thesis.

 

CHAPTER 2

STRUCTURE OF THE VIETNAMESE WORKING CLASS IN

THE PERIOD OF PROMOTING INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION OF THE COUNTRY - SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES

2.1. General theory on the structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country

2.1.1. Some basic concepts

2.1.1.1. Concept of working class, Vietnamese working class

Concept of working class

The working class is a stable social group, formed and developed with the development of increasingly modern industry and the increasing socialization of the productive forces; is the basic labor force, directly or indirectly participating in the production process, reproducing social wealth and reforming social relations; is the main force, leading the historical transition process from capitalism to socialism and communism through the role of the Communist Party.

Concept of Vietnamese working class.

The Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization is understood as: a large, basic, advanced labor force in a developing society, working in industrial production; including manual and intellectual labor, working for wages in various types of industrial or industrial-based production, business and services. With the vanguard being the Communist Party of Vietnam, the current Vietnamese working class has the historical mission of successfully carrying out the cause of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country towards successfully building socialism and communism in Vietnam.

2.1.1.2. Concept of class structure, working class structure and Vietnamese working class structure

Concept of class structure

Class structure is the system of social classes and strata and the mutual relationships between them in a certain social regime.

Concept of working class structure

Working class structure is a category used to refer to the components that make up the working class (based on different criteria) and the mutual interaction between those components..

Concept of Vietnamese working class structure

From the concept of working class structure and the concept of the Vietnamese working class, it can be understood that: the structure of the Vietnamese working class is a category used to refer to the components that make up the Vietnamese working class (based on different criteria) and the mutual interaction between those components..

2.1.2. Classification of the structure of the Vietnamese working class

2.1.2.1. Working class structure by economic sector

In terms of economic structure, the working class is divided into three parts: workers in state-owned enterprises, workers in non-state enterprises, and workers in foreign-invested enterprises.

2.1.2.2. Working class structure by economic sector

In terms of occupation, the Vietnamese working class is divided into three basic parts: industrial workers, agricultural workers and service workers.

2.1.2.3. Working class structure by level

When referring to the level of the working class, scientists often use two indicators: educational level and professional level. The level structure of the working class is a factor reflecting the quality of the working class and is an important type of structure that needs attention to build a truly strong Vietnamese working class.

2.1.2.4. Working class structure by salary and income

The difference in income of workers can be divided into 3 basic groups. The group of low-income workers are those whose salary is less than or equal to the minimum wage set by the state. The group of middle-income workers are those whose salary is equal to the average income of Vietnamese workers. The rest are classified as high-income workers.

2.2. Factors affecting the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country

2.2.1. Objective factors

2.2.1.1. Impact of globalization and international integration on the structure of the Vietnamese working class

- Rapidly increase the number of workers in foreign-invested enterprises.

- Changing the occupational structure of the Vietnamese working class

However, globalization and international economic integration also have negative impacts on a part of workers, causing them to lose their revolutionary ideals, lose political faith in the Party and State, and even become indifferent to the distorted arguments of hostile forces.

2.2.1.2. Impact of knowledge economy on the structure of the Vietnamese working class

The knowledge economy makes the educational structure of the working class develop in a modern direction. The knowledge economy will accelerate the birth and development of the intellectual workers. Besides the positive impacts, the knowledge economy also causes a part of the workers to lose their jobs, become unemployed or add to the reserve labor force when machines are widely applied and gradually replace manual labor. In addition, the knowledge economy also contributes to making the income differentiation among the Vietnamese working class more and more profound.

2.2.1.3. Impact of promoting industrialization and modernization in the context of market economy on the structure of the Vietnamese working class

- Industrialization and modernization change the structure of the working class in economic sectors; create diversity in the economic sector structure of the Vietnamese working class; industrialization and modernization change the quality structure of the Vietnamese working class in both breadth and depth.

Besides the positive impacts, the negative side of industrialization and modernization also causes social disadvantages for the structure of the Vietnamese working class; causing competition for human resources among different types of enterprises, especially for high-quality workers.

It can be said that among the objective factors affecting the working class structure, industrialization and modernization are the most comprehensive and decisive factors in the transformation of the working class structure. Industrialization and modernization associated with the shift in economic structure have fundamentally changed the appearance of the working class structure in Vietnam.

2.2.2. Subjective factors

2.2.2.1. Impact of the Party and State's policies and guidelines and the activities of the Trade Union on the structure of the Vietnamese working class.

Building a strong working class is the responsibility of the Party, the State, the entire political system as well as the workers themselves; in which, the leadership role of the Party and the management of the State have a direct impact on the development and transformation of the structure of the Vietnamese working class.

2.2.2.2. The role of businesses

Enterprises directly impact the quantitative structure of the working class; promote and create opportunities for the transformation of the occupational structure of the working class; contribute to improving the qualitative structure of the working class.

2.2.2.3. Self-awareness of workers

It can be said that this is an important subjective factor creating changes in the working class in general and the working class structure in particular.

Chapter 2 Summary

The structure of the Vietnamese working class is a category that refers to the components that make up the Vietnamese working class, identified according to different criteria. These components do not exist in isolation but have a close relationship, interact with each other and transform into each other. Therefore, studying the structure of the Vietnamese working class must point out the relationship and mutual transformation between the components in the working class, thereby seeing the development of each component in the class to build appropriate adjustment policies for each component, creating unity in the development process of the Vietnamese working class.

The structure of the Vietnamese working class does not exist in a static state but is always in motion and change because it is affected by many objective and subjective factors. These factors have created the diversity and richness of the structure of the Vietnamese working class during the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country.

 

CHAPTER 3

STRUCTURE OF THE VIETNAMESE WORKING CLASS IN

PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION - CURRENT SITUATION AND ISSUES

3.1. Current status of the Vietnamese working class structure in the period of accelerated industrialization and modernization

3.1.1. Working class structure by economic sector

3.1.1.2. The number of workers in state-owned enterprises has decreased sharply and there is a tendency to move to work in other types of enterprises.

When the policy of "restructuring and innovating to improve the performance of state-owned enterprises" was promoted in practice, the number of state-owned enterprises decreased significantly, followed by a sharp decrease in the number of workers in this type of enterprise.

There is a movement of a part of highly qualified workers from state-owned enterprises to non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises.

3.1.1.2. Workers in non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises increased sharply.

In contrast to the sharp decline in the number of workers in state-owned enterprises is the rapid increase in the number of workers in non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises.

3.1.2. Structure of the Vietnamese working class by economic sector

Agricultural workers decreased sharply, industrial and service workers increased rapidly..The structure of the working class in each industry also has positive changes.

In the coming time, the occupational structure of the Vietnamese working class will continue to have strong changes. That is the rapid decrease of the number of workers in traditional industries, processing and manufacturing industries and the increase of service workers, new industries...

3.1.3. Structure of the Vietnamese working class by education level

About education level

Compared to the education level of workers in countries in the region and around the world, the education level of Vietnamese workers is still quite low.

Professional qualifications

The professional level of the Vietnamese working class has also made remarkable progress. More and more intellectuals are becoming aware of class interests and joining the ranks of the working class, making the intellectual workers play an increasingly important role in the development of the working class.

3.1.4. Structure of the Vietnamese working class according to salary and income

The salary and income level of the Vietnamese working class is still low. There is a large difference in income between groups of workers in different economic sectors and economic components, even within a single sector or economic component. The different qualifications of different groups of workers also lead to differences in income levels.

3.2. Issues arising from the current situation of the Vietnamese working class structure in the period of accelerated industrialization and modernization

3.2.1. Issues raised by the structure of the working class according to economic sectors

- The team of workers in state-owned enterprises has not yet demonstrated its pioneering role, leading the Vietnamese working class.

- The movement of a large number of highly qualified workers from state-owned enterprises to non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises affects the leading role of the state economic sector in the national economy.

- The sharp increase in the number of workers in non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises raises many political and social issues that need to be resolved.

3.2.2. Issues arising from the structure of the working class by economic sector

- Too few agricultural workers will slow down the industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas.

- The proportion of workers in Vietnam's service industry is still low, not meeting the requirements of industrialization, modernization, international economic integration, knowledge-based economic development and moving towards digital economic development.

3.2.3. Issues arising from the structure of the working class according to level

- The rate of workers who have not received training at schools and professional vocational training facilities is still large.

- The working class in our country is currently experiencing an imbalance in the structure of technical labor; the surplus of simple, untrained labor; the serious shortage of technical experts, good managers, and skilled workers is still common in all industries and economic sectors.

3.3.4. Problems arising from the working class structure according to wages and income

The structure of wages and incomes within the Vietnamese working class today is quite clearly different. First of all, it must be affirmed that, in some aspects and in some areas, this stratification will create momentum for the development of the working class in general. However, when raising the issue of income differentiation of the working class in the process of carrying out the historical mission of this class, it will be a complicated issue that needs to be paid attention to and resolved promptly. We can easily see the negative impacts of income differentiation within the Vietnamese working class today:

One is,Income polarization slows down the overall pace of development of the working class.

Second,Income differentiation reduces unity and solidarity - a very important characteristic of the working class, without which the working class cannot successfully fulfill its historical mission.

Third,The stratification in income of the working class negatively affects the process of carrying out the historical mission of this class.

Chapter 3 Conclusion

During the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization, the Vietnamese working class has undergone strong changes in all types of structures. The number of workers in state-owned enterprises has decreased absolutely, the number of workers in non-state enterprises and enterprises with foreign investment has increased sharply. There has been a shift of a part of highly qualified workers from the state economic sector to the private and foreign-invested economic sectors, which has significantly affected the leading role of this economic sector. The economic structure of the working class has undergone positive changes. However, the proportion of workers in the agricultural and service sectors is still low. The quality structure of the working class has also undergone positive changes with the rapid increase of highly qualified workers and intellectual workers. However, there is still an imbalance in the technical labor structure in many sectors and economic sectors. The income structure of the Vietnamese working class has also undergone positive changes. However, the income gap and the polarization between rich and poor are happening and tending to increase, which will reduce solidarity, unity, and strength of the Vietnamese working class.

 

CHAPTER 4

VIEWPOINTS AND SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE STRUCTURE OF THE VIETNAMESE WORKING CLASS TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE PERIOD OF PROMOTING INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION OF THE COUNTRY

4.1. Viewpoints on perfecting the structure of the Vietnamese working class to meet the requirements of the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country

4.1.1. Perfecting the structure of the Vietnamese working class in a harmonious and reasonable direction

First,That is the rationality of the economic structure of the working class corresponding to the role and position of economic sectors in Vietnam.

Monday,ensure harmony in the income structure of the Vietnamese working class.

4.1.2. Perfecting the structure of the Vietnamese working class in a modern direction to meet the requirements of industrialization, modernization of the country and international integration.

Perfecting the structure of the Vietnamese working class in a modern direction first of all needs tomodernize the occupational structure of the working class.

Modernize the educational structure of the working class by increasing the number of highly educated and skilled workers. Develop an increasingly large contingent of intellectual workers.

4.2. Solutions to perfect the structure of the Vietnamese working class to meet the requirements of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country

4.2.1. Group of solutions to impact the economic structure of the working class

4.2.1.1. Developing the workforce in state-owned enterprises to truly become the core force of the Vietnamese working class

- Pay attention to the selection, training and development of state workers, especially highly qualified workers - intellectual workers.

- State-owned enterprises need to pioneer in applying scientific and technological advances in production, promoting research capabilities and creating new products and services.

- Strengthen education on political awareness and class spirit for workers in state-owned enterprises.

4.2.1.2. Preventing the “brain drain” in state-owned enterprises

- Reform salary policy in state-owned enterprises; regularly pay attention to the material and spiritual life of workers.

- State-owned enterprises need to build a stable, highly professional working environment.

- The Government needs to issue regulations on the responsibility of enterprises in training human resources and the responsibility of workers at specific state-owned enterprises.

- Each worker in state-owned enterprises needs to raise their sense of responsibility in carrying out the task of socio-economic development in general and the task of developing the Vietnamese working class in particular.

4.2.1.3. Effectively resolve political and social issues arising among workers in non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises.

- Raise political awareness; educate and foster class goals and ideals for workers in non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises.

- Pay attention to material and spiritual life; eliminate the "adopted child" mentality in the thinking of workers in non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises.

- Effectively resolve strikes and work stoppages in non-state enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises.

4.2.2. Group of solutions to impact the economic structure of the working class

4.2.2.1. Promote the transformation of economic structure towards modernization, increase the proportion of workers in the service industry

- Restructuring the industry substantially. Instead of focusing on developing the mining industry as before, Vietnam's industry now needs to focus on developing deep processing industries, refined processing of agricultural, forestry and aquatic products; manufacturing industry, supporting industry...

- Restructuring the service industry, increasing the growth rate of the service industry, aiming to increase the proportion of service industry workers in the working class structure.

4.2.2.2. Increase the quantity and quality of agricultural workers to successfully carry out the cause of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas.

- "Industrialization and service of agriculture" to attract high-quality workers to work in the agricultural sector.

- Encourage and provide preferential policies for businesses investing in the agricultural sector.

- Promote training and fostering of high-quality agricultural workers.

4.2.3. Group of solutions affecting the educational structure of the working class

4.2.3.1. Develop training program content and methods in an innovative and creative manner.

- Innovation in program content and training methods is the top priority in improving the quality of vocational training today.

- Diversify training methods based on open education models, national qualifications frameworks, linked to the market and meeting the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

- The biggest priority in vocational training is to provide learners with the most basic vocational knowledge so that they can later change careers easily and conveniently.

4.2.3.2. Promote and effectively implement career guidance and streaming in education.

- Career guidance in education is a measure carried out inside and outside educational institutions, helping learners gain knowledge about careers and the ability to choose a career based on their personal aspirations and strengths combined with the labor needs of society as well as the development trends of that career in the future.

- Streamlining in education is a measure to organize educational activities on the basis of implementing career guidance in education, creating conditions for students graduating from junior high school and high school to continue studying at a higher level or degree, or to transfer to vocational education or participate in the labor market in accordance with their individual capacity and the needs of society, contributing to regulating the occupational structure of the labor force in accordance with the requirements of national development.

4.2.3.3. Regularly educate workers to clearly understand the importance of studying to improve their qualifications.

- Educating workers to clearly understand the importance of learning is the responsibility of those doing propaganda and education work, the core of which is the Trade Union cadres.

- Have preferential policies and regimes, arrange reasonable jobs and have satisfactory treatment for workers who actively participate in studying, training, and excellently complete advanced training programs or retraining.

- Each worker needs to have a clear awareness that: in today's era, to have a good job with high income, studying is a regular, lifelong task.

4.2.3.4. Mobilizing the participation of enterprises in improving the quality structure of the Vietnamese working class

- Enterprises should be encouraged to promote training cooperation activities with secondary schools, colleges and universities in various forms and at various levels.

- Enterprises need to have a coordinated career counseling program for students so that they can choose the right career according to their interests while also meeting the requirements of enterprises and society.

-Every year, businesses need to organize classification, evaluation and retraining of workers with new skills.

4.2.3.5. Developing a team of intellectual workers, preparing high-quality human resources for the fourth industrial revolution.

Intellectual workers can be considered the spearhead force, directly influencing the development direction of the Vietnamese working class today. Therefore, developing a contingent of intellectual workers is an objective and urgent requirement, requiring the participation of the Party, the State, educational and training institutions and enterprises.

4.2.4. Group of solutions affecting the salary and income structure of the Vietnamese working class

4.2.4.1. Narrowing the gap in wages and income between different segments of the working class

- Build and perfect wage policy, improve income level of working class

- Ensure the principles of fairness and equality in the distribution of wages and income.

4.2.4.2. Perfecting and expanding the social welfare and social security system for workers

- Promote the development and completion of the legal system on social security and social welfare.

- The social security and welfare system should first of all target vulnerable workers and unskilled workers in the labor market.

-Businesses need to build, maintain and develop welfare funds.

Chapter 4 Summary

To perfect the working class structure to meet the requirements of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country associated with the development of knowledge economy and international integration, it is necessary to aim for harmony, rationality and modernity in the structure of the Vietnamese working class.

In addition, it is necessary to synchronously carry out specific solutions, affecting each type of structure. Develop the workforce in state-owned enterprises to truly become the core force of the Vietnamese working class; prevent the "brain drain" in state-owned enterprises and effectively resolve political and social issues arising among workers in non-state enterprises and enterprises with foreign investment. Increase the quantity and quality of agricultural workers to successfully carry out the cause of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Develop vocational training content, programs and methods in the direction of innovation and creativity; promote and effectively implement career guidance and streaming in education; regularly educate workers to clearly recognize the importance of studying to improve their qualifications; Mobilize the participation of enterprises in improving the quality structure of the working class and developing the team of intellectual workers, preparing high-quality human resources for the fourth industrial revolution. Narrow the gap in wages and income between different segments of the working class and perfect and expand the social welfare and social security system for workers.

                            

CONCLUDE

The structure of the Vietnamese working class is a category that reflects both the quantitative structure and the qualitative structure of the working class. In the period of promoting industrialization and modernization associated with the development of the knowledge economy and international integration, the structure of the working class has many changes, is very rich and diverse, directly affecting the development of the Vietnamese working class in Vietnam in particular and the socio-economic development of the country in general. Through studying the structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Firstly, the structure of the Vietnamese working class plays an important role in the general development process of the Vietnamese working class and is one of the important factors that determine the success or failure of the country's industrialization and modernization.

Second, the structure of the Vietnamese working class is affected by many factors: objective, subjective, internal, and external. Therefore, the transformation of the structure of the Vietnamese working class is an objective law, but also depends a lot on subjective factors, and it can be affirmed that industrialization and modernization with the basic content of shifting the economic structure towards modernity is the most important factor, with the most direct impact.

Third, during the period of accelerated industrialization and modernization, the structure of the Vietnamese working class has undergone many complex changes, including positive changes that promote the development of the working class in particular and the socio-economic development of the country in general; but on the other hand, there have also been negative changes that have affected the process of carrying out the historical mission of the Vietnamese working class.

Fourthly, to promote the positive and overcome the limitations of the process of transforming the structure of the Vietnamese working class in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization, it is necessary to have a system of scientific and practical solutions aimed at the following subjects: the role of the Party, the State, socio-political organizations in the working class, enterprises and the self-awareness of the Vietnamese working class itself; in which building an advanced and modern economic structure is the most important condition to perfect the structure of the working class to meet the new requirements of the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country.