INFORMATION ABOUT THE MASTER'S THESIS
1. Student's full name: Truong Thi Hai 2. Gender: Female
3. Date of birth: February 3, 1988.
4. Place of birth: Tan Tien Commune, Bac Giang City, Bac Giang Province.
5. Decision No. 1883/QD/XHNV-KHSDH dated October 21, 2010, of the Rector of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, recognizing the student.
6. Changes in the training process: none.
7. Thesis title: Exploring the modernization movement in Vietnam in the latter half of the 19th century.
8. Major: Vietnamese History; Code: 602254
9. Scientific supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pham Xanh.
10. Summary of the thesis results:
During the process of writing this thesis, the student has initially clarified the following points:
Vietnamese society in the latter half of the 19th century was a period of great upheaval. Domestically, the conservatism and backwardness in the Nguyen dynasty's governing policies led to a severe crisis. Their hesitant and cowardly attitude, contrary to national interests, caused Vietnam to gradually lose its sovereignty to Western capitalists. The deep and widespread crisis within the Nguyen dynasty brought the country to the brink of collapse. In this turbulent context, two "national salvation movements" emerged in Vietnamese society: the resistance movement and the reform movement.
While the "resistance movement" only truly developed after the Patenôtre Treaty (1884), with Ton That Thuyet and Nguyen Van Tuong as its two representatives, the "reform movement" had emerged before the French colonialists fired the first shot of invasion, and it continued to grow and become a movement. In the increasingly intense confrontation between agricultural and industrial civilizations, the country's economy became increasingly weak and inadequate in many aspects. The national reform movement emerged as a unique and striking phenomenon, advocating reform in many areas. Domestically, it focused on innovation in the economy, culture, education, and military; internationally, it employed strategies to counter the French colonialists: war, peace, and seeking external support.
It can be observed that changes in the thinking and actions of Vietnamese scholars began to emerge in the early 19th century with proposals for national revitalization, such as Nguyen Cong Tru's recruitment of people and land reclamation in Kim Son (Ninh Binh) and Tien Hai (Thai Binh) districts. However, these proposals and actions were sporadic and scattered. It was not until the latter half of the 19th century, when the French colonialists launched their invasion of Vietnam, and the threat of losing the country became imminent and the nation fell into a comprehensive crisis, that proposals for reform "flooded" the country.
The reformist movement was quite large, with notable figures such as Pham Phu Thu, Dang Huy Tru, Nguyen Truong To, Bui Vien, and Nguyen Lo Trach... In addition, there were other reformers such as Tran Dinh Tuc, Nguyen Thong, and Dinh Van Dien… who proposed reforms in many areas: economy, culture and society, education, military, politics, and diplomacy... Their proposals for national modernization became an urgent demand of the era.
Although they held some degree of reformist ideas and supported reform, most of the petitions and proposals were rejected by the head of the Hue court.
There are many explanations for the failure of the national modernization movement in the latter half of the 19th century, but this failure can be seen as stemming from paradoxes of the era:Between the progressive scholar class and the conservative, backward Nguyen dynasty's rulers and officials; between war and peace; between tradition and anti-tradition; between morality and religion; between reality and illusion..
Despite their failures, the reform proposals of the late 19th century resonated strongly, directly challenging the conservative ideology of the Nguyen dynasty and demonstrating a new level of awareness among the Vietnamese people. From the time Pham Phu Thu submitted a petition criticizing Tu Duc's lax handling of state affairs (1850 – three years after Tu Duc's ascension to the throne) to Nguyen Lo Trach's essay "Treatise on the Great Trends of the World" (1892, during the reign of Emperor Thanh Thai), Vietnamese society witnessed a "torrent of reform" with hundreds of opinions and reform proposals directly attacking the backwardness and inconsistency of the Hue court. Although there are still many skeptical views regarding the "unrealistic" nature of the reform proposals (especially those of Nguyen Truong To and Nguyen Lo Trach), it is undeniable that proposals for reform were synonymous with a desire to chart a new course for the country, and the goal of these reformers was nothing less than to find and point out a path to national salvation.
11. Practical applicability: none
12. Future research directions: none
13. Published works related to the thesis: None
INFORMATION ON MASTER'S THESIS
1. Full name: Truong Thi Hai
2. Sex: Female
3. Date of birth: 03/02/1988
4. Place of birth: Bac Giang city, Bac Giang province.
5. Admission decision number: No 1883/QD/XHNV-KHSDH Dated: October 21, 2010, the principal of University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi National University.
6. Changes in academic process: No changes
(List the forms of change and corresponding times)
7. Official thesis title: In search of the country reform tendency during the late nineteenth century.
8. Major: Vietnam History
9. Code: 602254
10. Supervisors: associate professor- doctoral Pham Xanh, University of Social sciences and Humanities.
11. Summary of the findings of the thesis:
At the end of the 19th century, Vietnamese society changed in many espects. In the interior, the administration policy of Nguyen dynasty leads this society in a serious crisis. Vietnam was dominated by Western capitalism due to the attitude of Nguyen dynasty. In this context, there were two movements: resistance and reform.
If the resistance developed after Pattenot agreement in 1884, the reform had appeared before French colonialism invasion to Vietnam which was much more developed than ever. The Vietnamese economy was more and more weak on all aspects. On the circumstances, the reform carried on in many fields such as economy, politics, culture, education, army...In the foreign policy, Nguyen dynasty gave many solutions agaist to French colonialism.
It is clear that, the reform happened with some cases like: Nguyen Cong Tru extended land of Kim Son district, Ninh Binh and Tien Hai district, Thai Binh… in the first half 19thcentury. However, their appearance did not focus and gave not good results.
In the late 19thcentury, French colonialism invaded Vietnamese and nation suffered by serious crisis all aspects. So, the country reform began to appear. For example, Pham Phu Thu, Nguyen Truong To, Bui Vien…and others like: Tran Dinh Tuc, Nguyen Thong, Dinh Van Dien….These people gave many national innovations: economic, political, cultured, educational, military…which were responding to basic needs of socialty. Nevertheless, most of innovations were denied by Nguyen kings.
There were many reasons why these failures of country reform tend during the late nineteenth century such as: conflict between official and intellectual, conflict between war and peace, conflict between traditional and untraditional, conflict between catholics and non-catholics.
Even though these reforms were failed, it affected the thinking of Nguyen dynasty.
12. Practical applicability, if any: No changes
13. Further research directions, if any: No changes
14. Thesis-related publications: No changes
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